84 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN AUSTRIA. 

name and address of the secretary. The number of asso- 
ciations connected with agriculture, apart from chambers of 
agriculture and co-operative societies, is very small, and 
only one employers’ association is recorded ; of trade unions, 
two are reported to exist in England and one in Scotland, 
and there are two unions connected with the corn milling 
trade. 
Of co-operative distributive societies there are in Ireland 
80 agricultural societies, and 24 poultry societies. Under 
the head of workman’s co-operative productive societies are 
eight associations for co-operative farming and dairying in 
England, whilst in Ireland there are 49 co-operative dairies 
and 151 co-operative agricultural and dairying societies. 
There are also 12 productive societies in England connected 
with the bread and flour trades, and 14 co-operative 
bakeries in Scotland. Ofco-operative agricultural and credit 
banks, eight are recorded tn England and 61 in Ireland. 
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN AUSTRIA.* 
Agricultural and forestal education in Austria may be 
classified in three groups: primary, secondary, and higher ; 
the basis of the distinction being the subsequent destinations 
of the students attending the various schools. 
The object of the lower or primary schools is chiefly to 
render the pupils capable of practically cultivating a small 
farm, on which the owner or occupier himself undertakes the 
whole or part of the actual labour in the field. The inter- 
mediate schools are intended to prepare the students for the 
agricultural and forestal administrative service, which 
demands no direct participation on the part of the owner or 
manager in the manual labour. The higher education aims 
at giving the highest scientific knowledge within the domain 
of agriculture and forestry, both as regards practice and 


“Die Land-und Forstwirthschaftlichen Schulen in Oesterreich. By Friedrich von 
7immerauer. 
