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technica] instruction and scientific research. The three 
classes of institution are thus quite independent of each 
other, and a lower or intermediate school does not in any 
way prepare for one of a higher grade. 
The education may be further sub-divided according to the 
completeness of the instruction given, 7.e., according as it 
comprises all branches of agriculture or only special subjects. 
From these two points of view, therefore, agricultural 
education, as it exists in Austria at the present day, 
comprises: (@) primary instruction, given in (1) the practical 
schools of agriculture and forestry and winter schools, (2) 
special schools devoted to horticulture, arboriculture, 
viticulture, hop-culture, dairying, domestic economy, and 
brewing ; (6) secondary instruction, provided in (1) the so- 
called superior high schools of agriculture and intermediate 
schools of agriculture and forestry, (2) one cenological and 
pomological institute, one superior school of pomology and 
horticulture, and one superior school of brewing ; (c) higher 
education, represented by the Imperial High School at 
Vienna, ranking as a university, and by the Agricultural 
Department of the University of Cracow. 
In addition to these establishments there are alse chairs or 
courses of agriculture, and to some extent of forestry, at all 
the Imperial polytechnic academies. Agricultural instruc- 
tion is compulsory in the normal schools, and there are 
courses for adults connected with the popular schools, and 
created specially to meet the requirements of the rural 
population. As complementary to all these different forms of 
education there should also be mentioned the travelling 
lecturers and numerous special courses often in connection 
With technical schocls. 
The number of independent institutions providing agri- 
cultural instruction, at the end of the scholastic year 1898-99, 
was 159. Of these, two, as aiready noticed, represent the 
highest class of education, ranking as universities, 18 are of 
the intermediate class, and comprise 12 general schools, three 
torestry schools, two viticultural, pomolcgical and horticul- 
tural schools, and one school of brewing. The remainder 
are primary agricultural schools, 4o of them being general, 
