DAIRYING IN UNITED STATES. 229 
the same date in 1890 and 12,027,000 ten years earlier. The 
States possessing the largest number of cows are New York, 
1,457,000; Iowa, 1,263,000; [linois, 1,021,000; Wisconsin, 
1,003,000; and Pennsylvania, 970,000. The States having 
Over 500,000 each, but less than 800,000, are Ohio, Kansas, 
Missouri, Minnesota, Nebraska and Indiana.’ Texas also is 
credited with 700,000 cows, but very few of them are dairy 
animals. 
As regards the breeds of cows, shorthorns formed the 
foundation upon which many dairy herds were built up 
during the first half of this century, and much of this blood 
is still found in dairying districts. But shorthorns are now 
chiefly bred for beef, and the dairy industry mainly depends 
upon animals graded and improved from Ayrshires, 
Holsteins, Friesians, and Channel Islands stock. Associa- 
tions for the maintenance of the purity of the respective 
breeds have been formed since 1850, and they all record 
pedigrees and publish registers or herd-books. The number 
of pure-bred animals of these different breeds is estimated 
at between 200,000 and 300,000, but their blood is so 
generally diffused that half-breds or higher grades are 
numerous in all dairy herds. 
The factory system, co-operative and otherwise, has 
become an important feature of the American dairying 
industry. At first the cheese factories and creameries were 
established on purely co-operative principles, and it is in this 
form that the system has usually been extended. The 
organisation of such establishments has been thus described, 
“The cow owners and producers of milk co-operate and share 
upon any agreed basis, in organising, building, equipping, 
and managing the factory and disposing of its products. 
The farmers interested as joint owners, and all who con- 
tribute milk and cream, are called the patrons. The 
Operations are managed by a committee or board of directors 
chosen by and from the patrons. If the business is large 
enough to warrant the expense, the immediate supervision of 
the concern and all its interests is entrusted to a single 
manager employed by the board. In a factory of this kind 
all expenses are deducted from the gross receipts from sales, 
