FARM WAGES IN DENMARK. 381 

and foremen labourers often receive, in addition to cash 
wages and board, free cottages and other emoluments. 
In the case of day labourers, a distinction is made 
between those regularly employed and casual day labourers. 
Asa general rule, day labourers boarding themselves are 
chiefly found on the large farms, while on the small farms it 
is the practice to provide board for these labourers. In 
Jutland, however, it is usual to board the day-men on the 
large farms. Including piecework and the value of other 
allowances, such as free cottage, free oil, free grazing for a 
sheep with lamb, and cartage of coal, the average daily 
earnings in 1897 of a man employed in agriculture as a 
regular day labourer, boarding himself, were Is. 114d. in 
the spring and suimmer, 2s. 6d. during harvest, an:l 1s. 64d. 
in the winter months. If boarded by the empleyer, his 
average daily earnings were 1s. 34$d., 1s. ro}d., and 1odd. 
respectively, according to the season. 
The average daily wages in 1897 for male casual day 
labourers boarding themselves were 2s. 43d. in the early 
spring and summer, 2s. 114d. at harvest and 1s. 7}d. in 
‘winter; when boarded by the employers the average wages 
at tiiese seasons were 1S. 6}d., 2s. 1?d., and 114d. respectively 
These figures are exclusive of the value of any other earn- 
ings in kind, but emoluments in kind apart from board are 
not often given to casual labouters. 
Women working as permanent day labourers in agriculture 
in 1897 received without board 1s. 3#d. during the spring and 
summer, 1s. 84d. during harvest, and 1s. ofd. in winter. With 
board, their daily wages were 1od.,, 1s. ofd., and 74d. respec- 
tively. Casualfemale labourers, and theseconstitute the greater 
number of women engaged as day labourers, were paid ts. 6d. 
in spring and summer; 1s. 1o}d. at harvest, and 1s. 3d. in 
winter, when boarding themselves, while when boarded by 
the employer the average wages were 1s., 1s. 4d., and gd. 
respectively at these periods. 
With regard to the number of hours worked daily it 
appears that the actual working day, exclusive of time for 
meals, was generally 1o} to 11 hours’ duration in summer 
and g hours in winter. In summer work starts about 5.30 
