6 N. C. AGR. EXP. STA. BUL. 239 
Proconiini, some Cicadellini have the posterior meron exposed when the fore- 
wings are at rest (Young 1968a:11). 
The posterior legs have several useful characters. The knees, at rest, extend 
forward as far as the posterior margins of the proepimera in most genera, but 
some genera are variable with regard to this character. All of the variations in the 
posterior femoral setal formula described and illustrated in Part 1 of this work 
(Young, doc. cit.) are found in the Cicadellini: 2:0:0 (a pair of large setae near 
femoral apex, none more proximally), 2:1:0 (a pair of large setae near femoral 
apex, one more proximally), 2:1:1 (a pair of large setae near femoral apex, two in 
a file more proximally); or 2:1:1:1 (as the last preceding but with three large 
setae in the file). The posterior tibiae are almost always flattened more than in 
the Proconiini. The length of the first tarsomere compared to the combined 
length of the two succeeding tarsomeres of the posterior leg is a useful character. 
The measurements were taken at a right angle to the long axis of the tarsus from 
a lateral view, and the greatest length of the first tarsomere compared with the 
greatest combined length of the succeeding two (ventral margin of first tarsomere 
vs. dorsal margin of second plus third). The ‘‘plantar surface”’ of the tarsus is in 
contact with the substrate when the insect is at rest. 
Of the forewing, useful characters include the presence or absence of a mem- 
brane and its extent when present, whether or not the veins are elevated or dis- 
tinct, the number of anteapical cells and the locations of their bases, whether or 
not one or more of the anteapical cells is/are open basally, the number of apical 
cells and their relative lengths, the sculpturing and texture of the wing surface, 
the presence or absence of supernumerary crossveins, and the shape of the apical 
wing margin. The commissural margin is the mesal margin of the forewing in 
rest position. Apical cells are numbered in sequence beginning at the com- 
missural margin when the forewing is at rest. The brachial cell is that cell of the 
corium which is adjacent to the claval suture. 
Several characters of the hindwing are useful in classification and are 
described and illustrated in appropriate portions of the text. 
The male genitalia consist of structures of abdominal segment IX. The genital 
capsule consists of a large ninth tergum or pygofer, in the form of an inverted U, 
a narrow transverse sternum, a pair of male plates extending posteriorly from the 
apical margin of the sternum, and an extensive membrane extending between the 
lower edges of the tergum and closing the capsule posteriorly. The pygofer varies 
from strongly produced posteriorly to weakly so. 
The pygofer is usually described in lateral view in this work, although oc- 
casionally from an additional view, also. Hence paired structures, e.g. processes 
occurring one on each side, are described in the singular, and the chaetotaxy of 
only one side is described. The posterior margin of the pygofer varies from acute 
through narrowly rounded to broadly convex, or truncate, or concave, or deeply 
emarginate. Processes vary between genera and interspecifically as to their point 
of origin, their form, and as to the direction in which they extend. Two sorts of 
setae occur on the pygofer, those that appear to have some breadth at the 
magnifications used (up to X 64), referred to as macrosetae; and those that are 
linear, the microsetae. Except in some cases where the number of setae is very 
