CICADELLINAE: PART 2. NEW WORLD CICADELLINI 581 
completely around apex and proximally as in Cicadella, veins distinct, not ele- 
vated, with four apical cells, the base of the fourth located more proximally 
than base of third, with an anteapical plexus of veins, texture coriaceous, 
without sculpturing; wings of female at rest position exceeding apex of 
ovipositor. Hindleg with femoral setal formula 2:1:1; first tarsomere with 
length approximately equal to combined length of second and third tarso- 
meres, usually with two parallel rows of setae on plantar surface, at least the 
more proximal of one row of these paleate in some species. 
Male genitalia: Pygofer moderately produced posteriorly and narrowly con- 
vex apically, with a few short macrosetae near posterodorsal margin, without 
processes. Plates separate throughout their length, their apices weakly 
sclerotized, extending posteriorly about as far as pygofer apex, each triangu- 
lar and with a row of fairly stout macrosetae along lateral margin. Style not 
extending as far posteriorly as apex of connective, with preapical lobe, apex 
obliquely truncate. Connective Y-shaped with stem much longer than arms. 
Aedeagus short, symmetricial, articulated with connective, with or without 
processes. Paraphyses present, paired, symmetrical, not stalked basally, rami 
narrow. 
Female abdominal sternum VII with posterior margin slightly produced 
medially and rounded or truncate. Other characters as in Cicadella, the dorsah 
margin of the second valvula of the ovipositor occasionally flat or slightly con- 
cave near its midlength, and female pygofer with setae less numerous than in 
Cicadella. 
The known distribution of Draeculacephala Ball is from Alaska and New- 
foundland to the Guianas and Argentina. Draeculacephala belongs to a complex 
of genera discussed briefly in the treatment of Cicadella Latreille. In this group 
it is closest to Carneocephala Ball from which it is most readily distinguished by 
the hind femoral setal formula which is 2:1:0 in Carneocephala. Draeculacephala is 
also near Helochara Fitch in structure, but it lacks the pits characteristic of 
Helochara and has a plexus of veins on the forewing that is lacking in Helochara. 
Only Draeculacephala and Carneocephala of the Cicadella generic group have this 
plexus. 
Norment, Haskins, and Hepner (1972a) reported generic differences in 
protein bands in electrophoretic studies of two species of Draeculacephala and 
one species of Carneocephala. 
A revision of Draeculacephala by Young and Davidson (1959a) should be con- 
sulted for the key to species, and for descriptions, illustrations of the species, 
and biological information. Since that paper was published, Hamilton (1967a) 
has described D. robinsoni in the difficult D. portola complex. Although it may 
be biologically distinct, the characters do not warrant retaining it, and I have 
placed it as a synonym of fortola Ball in the list that follows. As in other com- 
ponents of the portola complex, biological studies may eventually establish 
valid species, but assuming that groups that appear somewhat distinct are ac- 
tually species, without good diagnostic characters, is likely to result only in 
confusion. 
Mason and Yonke (1971a) published a study of the life histories of four 
species of Draeculacephala in Missouri in which they reported that they were 
