850 N. C. AGR. EXP. STA. BUL. 239 
Thorax with pronotal width varying interspecifically compared with trans- 
ocular width of head, from less than to greater than latter, lateral pronotal 
margins parallel or convergent anteriorly, dorsopleural carinae complete, disk 
transversely rugulose or not, not pubescent; scutellum transversely rugose or 
not behind transverse sulcus (variable interspecifically, and intraspecifically in 
some species). Forewing with membrane distinct or not; veins distinct or not 
(varying interspecifically), with three closed anteapical cells (exception: G. 
versuta (Say), see below), with four apical cells, the base of fourth usually 
more proximal than base of third (exceptions: G. delongi, n. sp., some 
specimens of G. coccinea (Forster), some specimens of G. aurolineata (Fowler)), 
usually without an anteapical plexus of veins (but with outer anteapical cell a 
plexus in versuta, and with supernumerary crossveins common in coccinea, and 
occurring occasionally in other species); forewings of female in rest position 
exceeding apex of ovipositor. Hindleg with femoral setal formula 2:1:1 (excep- 
tion: G. simulata, n. sp.), length of first tarsomere variable in comparison to 
combined length of two more apical tarsomeres and with two rows of small 
setae (occasionally joined at base by additional setae between rows) on plan- 
tar surface. 
Male genitalia: Pygofer slightly to moderately produced, apex convex, with 
macrosetae confined to apical half of disk, processes arising on dorsal margin 
or (more commonly) absent. Plates triangular, varying interspecifically in 
length from very short to extending posteriorly as far as or farther than 
pygofer apex, each with macro- or microsetae or both, arranged in one or 
several rows or with a more irregular pattern. Style extending posteriorly to a 
varying degree compared to extent of connective, varying interspecifically, 
without a distinct preapical lobe. 
Aedeagus with shaft usually short, almost always without processes (excep- 
tions: G. simulata, n. sp., and G. sasaima, n. sp.), dorsal apodemes varying 
specifically from large and conspicuous to very small. Paraphyses asym- 
metrical, consisting of a basis and one ramus that lies in a plane that is not 
median, or two rami with their points of origin not symmetrical, the rami not 
uniform in size and often dissimilar in form. 
Female abdominal sternum VII with posterior margin produced posteriorly, 
the apex varying from rounded to obtusely or acutely angular, rarely narrowly 
notched medially. Ovipositor with second valvulae each expanded in apical 
three-fifths and usually bearing widely-spaced teeth (exceptions: G. 
guerreroensis (Fowler), G. appropinquans (Fowler), G. marathonensis (Olsen), and 
G. nigrifascia (Walker)), apex varying from acutangular to rounded 
(appropinquans). Pygofer fairly broadly rounded apically, with a number of an- 
teapical macrosetae which extend anteroventrally parallel to posteroventral 
margin in some species. y\ 
Specimens of Graphocephala have been studied from localities from Ontario, 
Canada, eastward to Maine and westward to California, and southward 
through Mexico and Central America as far as Colombia and French Guiana. 
G. fennahi, n. sp., has been introduced to and is established in England. 
The genus Graphocephala is large and difficult to characterize. This has ad- 
ded to the complexity of the generic key. Most species of Graphocephala have 
