oa 
Examination this spring (1934) of cankers cleaned out and painted in 
1932 and kept under observation throughout that season showed that 
most of the untreated cankers and those ineffectually treated, and 
consequently infested by woolly aphids, showed some canker extension. 
In all instances where cankers had been cleaned out and covered with 
a Cloth patch to exclude the aphids, perfectly healthy calluses were 
invariably found. Where the aphids had gained entrance underneath 
the patches, however, they had increased to such an extent that their 
dead bodies filled the space beneath the patch, and there was in- 
variably great extension following the severe woolly aphid injury to 
the callus. 

| Old calluses formed around perennial cankers that had been cut 
out and painted 3 or 4 years ago and carefully observed for woolly 
aphid infestation throughout 1932, the infestations being minutely 
recorded, showed that there was new extension at nearly all points 
on the callus periphery where woolly aphid colonies had been recorded 
for any length of time during 1932. Calluses without any aphid in- 
festation during 1932 showed no die-back of callus in the spring of 1933. 
Whether this die-back of the callus is more than tissue injured by 
woolly aphids and then killed by low temperatures, is not yet established. 
It seems, however, that the fungus of perennial canker must be in large 
part responsible, as this type of injury is not found outside cankerous 
areas. 
Dried fruit beetles in grape pomace.--Perez Simmons, in charge of 
the dried-fruit insect investigations at Fresno, Calif., reports that 
large quantities of grape pomace have been produced in recent months 
by local wineries and distilleries, of which there are 22 in Fresno 
County. as a rule, the pomace is heaped in long piles, one such pile 
being about 600 feet long, 30 feet wide, and 5 feet high. Much of 
this material, of a chocolate-brown or black color, has passed the 
stage during which the dried fruit beetle (Carpophilus hemipterus L.) 
is attracted to it, and at depths of more than 4 inches the tempera- 
ture of the pomace is too high for the beetles. Two readings at a 
depth of 16 inches gave 1269 and 127° F. Where the crust of the pile 
is cinnamon-brown in color it has been found to be covered with adults 
and larvae and to be largely reduced to meal. It is evident that fer- 
menting pomace is a menace to the production of figs, which are at- 
tacked by the dried fruit beetle. By using a 12-inch funnel with an 
enclosed screen above it, the beetles and larvae were rapidly sepa- 
rated from a series of pomace samples by applying a few drops of 
chloropicrin and raising the temperature. Two estimates of the pop- 
ulation in heavily infested material gave in one case 2,115,000 
adults and 256,000 larvae ver ton, and in the other 2,630,000 adults 
and 252,000 larvae per ton. The estimates were made by Dwight F. 
Barnes, C. K. Fisher, and H. C. Donohoe during the last week of Feb- 
ruary. 
