bays 
had planidia present .* * * Evidently Cremastus and Orgilus are the only 
internal parasites from Austria that overwinter in the buoliana larvae. 
* * * The fact that no planidia were found inside Cremastus or Orgilus 
larvae probably means that the hyperparasite does not attack these spec— 
ten, 
CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS 
ee 
field tests of little barley (Hordeum pusillum) J. R. Horton, Wichita, 
Kans., says, "It is again indicated that while this grass is not pre— 
ferred by the fly in the presence of wheat, it is still to be reckoned 
with as a carry-over host which may upset to some extent the cultural 
part of a control program." 
How the pea aphid survives the summer in Antelope Valley, Calif.— 
"A satisfactory explanation of the manner in which Illinoia pisi Kalt. 
Survives the summer season in the Antelope Valley district has engaged 
our attention for the past several spring seasons," report R. A. Blanchard 
and S. J. Snow, Sacramento, Calif. "On May 1 and 2 the first oviparous 
females ever found by us in the Antelope Valley were located. A total 
of five such wingless females were found in three widely separated 
fields. The ratio of oviparous females to other forms was judged to be 
one to several thousand. The other aphids were preponderantly winged 
females or nymphs with wing pads. On April 28 both winged and wingless 
viviparous forms were found on sweet clover growing wild along a small 
stream in the foothills about 10 miles from the edge of the Antelope 
Valley. It is now thought that the wild hosts in the vicinity of the 
Antelope Valley and the possibility of eggs remaining unhatched in the 
alfalfa fields in the hot summer months offer an explanation of the manner 
in which the aphids carry over during the summer. The sexual females 
did not survive the long trip to Sacramento, so no eggs were obtained, but 
they have been preserved for positive determination." 
Barly days of hibernation most critical for corn earworm.—-Accord— 
ing to F. F. Dicke, Charlottesville, Va., "the most critical period in 
earworm (Heliothis obsoleta Fab.) hibernation is from the time the lar— 
vae enter the soil until the pupae have become hardened. Once the pu-— 
pae have hardened it is apparent that they can withstand an excess Or 
soil moisture over a long period of time as well as below-freezing soil 
temperatures. By far the greatest mortality in hibernating individuals 
occurs before the advent of winter. The cornfield offers excellent 
conditions for successful earworm hibernation, especially in the South— 
ern States, as the dry season normally occurs early in the fall. 7 time 
dry period, which favors the early pupal development, comes at the opti- 
mum time for the beginning of hibernation and also causes aestivation 
at the higher temperatures. A dry period coupled Simultaneously with 
the heavy drain on soil moisture by corn at the time of maximum attack 
(the silking and milk stages) by the earworm no doubt provides the op- 
timum hibernation environment for the species." 

