
fet. / eo 
FRUIT AND SHADE TREE INSECTS 
H. E. Burke reports that ona trip from Palo Alto to Davis, Calif 
by way of Martinez and returning through Antioch he observed a distinot 
difference in susceptibility between Monterey cypress and Italian cy- 
press to the cypress twig borer (Phloeosinus cristatus Lec.). Most of 
the Monterey cypress was dead or dying, while the Italian cypress was in 
good condition. 
Trichogramma active in winter.—Herbert Spencer and Luther Brown, 
of the Albany, Ga., laboratory, have made an effort to determine the manner 
in which Trichopramma minutum Riley passes the winter in southern pecan 
groves. Parasitized eggs of a lepidopterous insect were found in a pecan 
grove on January 21, and from these two Trichogramma adults emerged on 
February 8. * * * The stock of Trichogramma that has been kept out of 
doors in a screen cage with grain moth eggs since December 24 is now 
in the fourth generation, "approximately 5,000 adults having issued on 
January 14; 6,500 on February 8; and 18,000 on February 29. * * * This 
evidence strengthens our theory that Trichogramma minutum passes through 
the winter in southern Georgia by breeding in the eges of lepidopterous 
hosts, rather than by hibernation. * * * The present warm winter with 
&@ minimum February temperature of only 33° F. (February 5), and with 
maxima above 80° F. on 5 days, should be especially favorable for the 
survival of Trichogramma." 
Ceratitis capitata Wied. causes fruit drop.-Experiments made by 
C. B. Keck, of the Honolulu, Hawaii, laboratory, with screened and un— 
screened grapefruit and orange trees indicate that oviposition punctures 
made by the Mediterranean fruit fly serve as entrance places for patho- 
genic organisms that cause dropping of the fruits. * * * This may prove 
to be the most important injury produced by the presence of Mediterranean 
fruit flies in citrus groves. On September 20, 1931, a Duncan grape- 
fruit tree and a Valencia orange tree were screened and fumigated to 
prevent fruit flies from puncturing the fruits. A tree of each variety 
adjacent to the caged trees was marked as a check tree. When the 
fruits began to ripen, which was about November 15, 1931, counts were 
made at weekly intervals of the drops beneath the screened and the un— 
screened trees." By February 25, 1932, all fruits had fallen from the 
unscreened trees, whereas there were still 91 fruits left on the screened 
Duncan grapefruit tree and 312 on the screened Valencia orange tree. 
(Small trees were used to save cost in screening.) 
Parasites reared from the pecan case bearer.-C. B. Nickels, Brown— 
wood, Tex., says: "A total of 4,621 larvae and pupae of the nut case 
bearer were collected in the field (in 1931) and reared in individual 
vials in the insectary. The following primary larval and pupal para- 
Sites emerged from this material: Angitia sp., Apanteles epinoliae Vier., 
Bassus acrobasidis Cush., Brachymeria hammari Cwfd., Calliephialtes 
grapholithae Cress., Hydnocera knausi Wickh., Macrocentrus sp., Micro- 
bracon variabilis Prov., Nemorilla maculosa Meig., Orgilus maculiventris 
Cress., Perisierola cellularia var. punctaticeps Kieffer, Pristomerus 

