~~ 
[ae SS Se — CT ee 
é 
Sapp oO 
pupal stages. These glands are not associated with sex, since they are 
possessed by both males and females. Tribolium confusum Duv., T. ferru—- 
gineum Fab., Palorus ratzeburgi Wissm., and Gnathocerus cornutus Fab. 
were examined and the above was found true in all cases. The odor given 
off by the two species of Tribolium was indistinguishable, but that of 
fered somewhat from that of either Tribolium or Palorus." 
TOXICOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF INSECTS 
| Derris excels pyrethrum (in kerosene extracts) against house 
flies.—-F. L. Campbell, Takoma Park, Md., reports results of 13 series 
of tests by himself and W. N. Sullivan showing that a kerosene extract 
of a good sample of derris was more effective as a house-fly spray than 
was a Similar kerosene extract of a good sample of pyrethrum. He says: 
"Because pyrethrum is usually extracted at the rate of 1 pound of flow-— 
ers per gallon of kerosene, or 12 grams per 100 c c, we used a lower 
and a higher concentration (5 g and 20 g per 100 c c) in order to bring 
out the expected superiority of derris."” Percentages of dead and "down" 
meauapacitated) flies at the end of 1, 2, and 3 days are: given. "The 
results are extraordinarily clear cut. * * * If the percentages of dead 
and 'down' flies are added, we find that from the first day derris ex- 
ceeded pyrethrum in effectiveness, particularly in the 5-gram samples. 
If such results are obtainable under practical conditions, less than 
1/2 pound of derris per gallon of kerosene would do the work of 1 pound 
of pyrethrum per gallon. The only advantage of the pyrethrum that we 
have so far observed is the greater speed of its initial action, though 
the difference in time to bring down flies is only a matter of a few min—- 
utes. Theoretically, mixtures of derris and pyrethrum extracts should 
combine the advantages of both." 
BEE CULTURE 
Se 
Md., reports that "In order to provide information for a revision of 
the circular, ‘United States grades, color standards, and packing re-— 
quirements for honey,' determinations were made of the weight per gal- 
lon of honeys from all parts of the United States. A considerable var- 
iation was found in the weight of these honeys but not one had the weight 
of 12 pounds per gallon, which up to this time has been considered the min— 
imum for a well-ripened honey. In the revised standards for U. S. 
Grades, therefore, the minimum weight requirement for honey has been 
placed at 11.75 pounds (11 lbs., 12 oz.) per gallon of 251 cubic inches 
Mes . «6(20° C.). This new minimum requirement does not represent 
a lowering of the standards, because undoubtedly most honeys hitherto 
reported as weighing 12 pounds or over per gallon in all probability 
were under this mark. * * * Recently a comparative study was made of 
three methods for determining the density of honey: (1) By weighing; 
(2) by means of the Brix hydrometer; * * * and (3) by means of the 
Abbé refractometer. * * * These three methods were tried on 38 commercial 
