BR Se 
apparently consist of the sand flies which come from right angles to 
the direct rays of reflected light. Those entering the rays at distant 
points move quickly into the trap without any hesitation. Those enter- 
ing from the side form dances and gradually follow the rays into the 
ee 
Punkies breed in holes in trees.--Mr. Dove also states that "At 
least two species of punkies are reared from rot holes of trees in this 
vicinity. We feel that such a habitat probably accounts for other punk— 
ies of unknown origin. * * * We suggest that defective trees bearing 
Cavities be eliminated or treated so as to render them incapable of 
breeding these pests. We would emphasize that the good principles of 
tree surgery are effective in preventing the breeding of such midges. 
If it is not possible to remove decayed portions and fill cavities with 
concrete, the rot holes may be treated with an application of creosote 
Oil or creosoted pine sap. One treatment lasts for an entire year. 
In searching for such breeding places, it is not necessary to examine 
pines. In the Southeastern States the punkies are found most commonly 
in gum and live oak trees." 
Temperature of flooded soil affects hatching of mosquitoes.--C. M. 
Gjullin, Portland, Oreg., "has continued experiments on the temperature 
and moisture requirements of sod samples to produce larvae of Aedes al- 
drichi Dyar & Knab and A. vexans Meig. Results so far obtained indi- 
cate that eggs, if present, will hatch when flooded after the soil has 
been dried out and warmed and also when the soil is moist and warm, but 
that they will not hatch if the soil is flooded when it is moist and 
cold. Neither did such sods produce larvae if treated with warm water 
and allowed to stand at room temperatures for several days. * * * cold 
sods as brought in from the field are approximately 45° F., whereas 
the warm sods are those which have remained in the laboratory for a day 
or two and warmed to about 70° F. * * * in the field considerable hatch- 
ing has been stimulated in flood water as low as 50° F. Practically 
all sods flooded when cold and wet produced larvae on second and subse- 
quent floodings, i.e., after they had been dried to some extent and the 
temperature increased to about 70°. The tests also indicated that when 
soil temperatures were low (45°) the eggs would hatch from dry soil 
when flooded more quickly and in greater numbers than from moist soil. 
Egg beds in the field flooded by winter rains do not produce larvae. 
And, as far aS we have been able to observe, do not produce larvae if 
the water continues to stand on them, although the temperature may later 
become sufficiently high. These same areas may produce larvae if they 
are dried up, raised to about 50° F., and later flooded by water at ap- 
proximately that temperature. * * * a great many soil samples produced 
only a few A. aldrichi larvae to several hundred A. vexans. * * * We 
can make no explanation of this great difference in numbers * * * except 
to say that A. aldrichi is apparently more resistant to flooding and may 
require a longer incubation period, as the area mentioned had not been 
reached by high water for four years." 
