Toman as 
below freezing. Below 32° F. the life processes are reduced to a mini- 
mum and no vibrations or movements sufficient to prevent a large under-— 
cooling occur while the larva lies dormant in its cell. We recently de- 
monstrated the above by keeping the larvae in motion while attached to 
a thermocouple as the temperature was lowered. Instead of reaching a 
normal undercooling temperature of about -14° F., these moving larvae 
could be undercooled to only 15° F. and higher. * * * In tests this 
Spring with overwintering larvae of the oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha 
molesta Busck), it was found that their resistance to low temperatures 
is about the same as that of the codling moth. The two species undercool 
and freeze at about the same temperatures." 
San Jose scale not seriously injured by 12° F.--Oliver I. Snapp 
and J. R. Thomson, Jr., report that mortality counts of Aspidiotus pernic-— 
iosus Comst. at Fort Valley, Ga., 5 days before and about 5 weeks after 
a minimum temperature of 12° F. on February 9 showed that the percentage 
of living scales was reduced from 92 to 75. This "indicates that unusu- 
ally low temperatures in southern latitudes do not kill most of the San 
Jose scale on peach trees, although it is the consensus of opinion among 
many peach growers that a high percentage of scale is killed by very low 
temperatures, and some go so far as to omit the spray for scale if very 
cold weather occurs." 
Winter mortality of camphor scale and dictyosperma scale in 1933.—- 
A. W. Cressman and Mrs. L. T. Kessels, New Orleans, La., have submitted 
mortality records of Pseudaonidia duplex Ckll. These records are for 
the years 1924, 1926, 1928, and 1933, and are based on minimum tempera-— 
fees ranging from 19° F, in 1924 to 25° F. in 1926. The mortality rec-— 
ords are apparently not much influenced by minimum temperatures and 
range from 4 to 37 percent. For example, 30 to 37 percent mortality in 
19335 with a minimum temperature of 20° F. may be contrasted with the 4 to 
5 percent mortality in 1928 with the same minimum temperature. On _ the 
other hand they point out that in many places in New Orleans the dic-— 
tyosperma scale (Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan)) was completely 
destroyed by the freeze of January 1924 and has been gradually increas-— 
ing in that area since that time. Following the freeze in 1933 an ex- 
amination of podocarpus leaves involving 2,247 scales showed that 96.4 
percent were dead, including all the immature stages. The living adults 
were, however, reproducing on March 30, when the examination was made. 
Mediterranean fruit flies emerging through considerable soil depths 
lack vitality.--Tai Hee Hong, of the Honolulu, Hawaii, laboratory, reports 
experiments in the burying of fruit fly pupae in loose soil at depths 
of 12, 18, 24, and 36 inches, employing.1,000 pupae to each depth. The 
emergence in percentages were respectively 87, 65.2, 50.2, and 26. The 
results indicate the necessity of burial in such loose soil more than 
36 inches to insure 100 percent mortality. The following interesting 
statement is made on the vitality of flies emerging from these depths: 
"The greater the depth through which the flies have been subjected in 
coming to the surface successfully, ‘he weaker and relatively more in- 
