ae. 
sects are able to withstand temperatures of between 5° and 10° F. for 
from 24 to 72 hours with very little mortality. A series which was run 
at between zero and 5 degrees below resulted in almost complete mortality. 
It is of interest to note that cur soil-surface temperature, even under 
most scvere winter conditions, dces not normally reach 10° F., and never 
apparently goes below that point. It is also true that the short periods 
at which the lower temperatures are reached at the soil surface are of 
much shorter duration than those to which the insects were subjected under 
these artificial conditions. Although too early to draw any definite 
conclusions, the indications are that the actual temperatures to which 
the insects are subjected outside are not sufficient to account for the 
high mortality in years of low population." 
C.-F. Stahl and C...B. Wisecup, Sanford; Fla., state stha@t aes 
development of the celery leaf-tier (Phlyctaenia rubigalis Guen.) (in 
the field) has continued without interruption. * * * Moths were least 
abundant during the first 10 days, at which time counts averaged around 
20 to 30 moths per 320-foot row." They report heavy emergence during 
the next two weeks, reaching during the end of the period upward of 1,000 
per 320-foot row, conservatively estimated. "At the end of the month 
there were indications that the numbers were decreasing and that the 
decrease would be rapid." 
FOREST INSECTS 
M. T. Smulyan and R. C. Brown, of the gipsy moth laboratory, spent 
one day in New Hampshire visiting, according to Dr. Smulyan, "orchards 
in Dover, Greenland, Newington, and Kensington to ascertain present 
brown-—tail moth conditions there and to observe the effects of the brown— 
tail moth fungus (Fntomophthora aulicee Reich.). The fungus developed 
to epidemic proportions in these heavily-infested orchards last June 
and was responsible, as estimatcd by the writer at that time, for 50 
to nearly 100 per cent mortality (varying with the orchards) of the 
brown—tail moth larvae and pupae. The infestation in all these orchards 
was found to be light, the overwintering webs averaging between one and 
two webs per tree." 
J. M. Miller, Berkeley, Calif., writes that "During the month (Jan-— 
uary) a preliminary report reviewing the acccmplishments of the 1931 re— 
gional survey (by himsclf, K. A. Salman, and P. C. Johnson) was ccmpleted 
and distributed to about sixty cooperators in the project. *)*)=aaipas 
western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec.) was found, as in the 
past, to be causing by far the greater part of the timber losses Dur- 
ing the season two large areas of epidemic infestation developed where 
losses reached sericus proportions. The Happy Camp—-Lava Beds Area of 
376,000 acres in the Modoc National Forest, which was included in the 
1931 survey, had been covered by previous examinations by the Bureau of 
Entcmology since 1931, so that there is now available an ll-year 
record cf losses caused by insects. During this period the infestation 
