COMPARATIVE STUDIES WITH COVERED MILK PAILS’ 87 
tained on the same day and for this reason the individual ex- 
periments are not so strictly comparable as in the preceding 
tables. The results of the series, however, should show the 
normal value of the two methods of milking. It will be seen 
that the samples taken into the covered pail contained de- 
cidedly smaller numbers of bacteria than did the milk drawn 
into the open pail. The averages for the two series show that 
the milk from the covered pail contained but slightly over 
five per cent. of the number of bacteria which the milk from 
the open pail contained. Put in another way these figures 
mean that the milk drawn into the open pail contained on an 
average nearly twenty times the number of bacteria that fell 
into the milk drawn into the covered pail. These results show 
a greater difference in favor of the cover than was obtained 
in the College barn where the atmospheric conditions were 
somewhat better. The conditions in this stable represent the 
conditions found in the better grade of dairy stables and the 
results obtained probably show the gain which might be ex- 
pected in the sanitary condition of the milk in other stables 
of this grade. The average difference in the germ content 
between the milk drawn into the open pail and into the covered 
pail in this stable is strikingly shown by the difference in the 
length of the two lines given in’ the diagram following Table 
759 BO 
In Table 21 the results obtained by using the covered pail 
in another barn are shown. The exterior of this barn is shown 
in Fig. 30 which was made from a photograph taken of the 
barn and shows quite accurately the actual condition. 
This barn stood with its longest dimension facing the south 
and the stables ran along the south side of the barn with the 
feeding alley in the center. There were no windows in this 
stable to admit sunlight and when the doors were closed the 
_ stable was entirely dark except for the light which entered 
through the numerous and ample cracks. The stable was not 
provided with a raised floor, consequently the cows were badly 
coated with filth. It was impossible to get a satisfactory 
photograph of the interior of this stable owing to lack of light 
but a poor picture of two cows which stood in front of the 
door was obtained and is given in Fig. 31. 
The photograph shows the filthy condition of these cows. 
As‘ would be expected under such conditions the milk pro- 
duced contained very high numbers of bacteria, that drawn 
into the open pail in one case containing over 9,000,000 bac- 
teria per cubic centimeter, the lowest number on any day for 
the open pail being 115,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. By 
