\ 
70 STORRS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
EUROPEAN INVESTIGATIONS. 
In the winter of 1888-89 Dr. J. Clauss worked on the milk in 
Wiirzburg and found that the number of germs in a cubic centi- 
meter of milk ranged from 222,000 to 2,300,000. ‘The average 
was between one and two millions per cubic centimeter.* 
During the same winter Knopf found from 200,000 to 6,000,000 
per cubic centimeter in the milk in Munich. 
Buiwid examined the milk in Warsaw, where there was an 
average of 4,000,000 per cubic centimeter. In the milk immedi- 
ately after it was drawn from the cow he found from 10,000 to 
20,000 per cubic centimeter. 
In Amsterdam, Geuns found 2,500,000 per cubic centimeter in 
the fresh milk, but at the end of ten hours the number had 
increased to 10,500,000 per cubic centimeter. 
Renk examined the market milk of Halle and found from 
6,000,000 tO 30,700,000 per cubic centimeter. 
In May, 1892, Uhl studied the milk in Giessen; his thirty tests 
gave results from 83,000 to 169,600,000 per cubic centimeter. 
In the following June he found 10,500 to 13,600,000 per cubic 
centimeter. The average in May was 22,900,000 per cubic centi- 
meter, but in June it was only 2,900,000. Uhl explains this dif- 
ference by the supposition that the cows and stables were kept 
clean during this latter month, and by the additional supposition 
that there may have been less night’s milk milked with the morn- 
ing’s milk. 
A very systematic examination was made of more than 100 
samples of the milk in Dorpat by Dr. Hugo Knochenstiern, 
mostly in September and October, 1892. He divided the samples 
into four classes according to their sources. The averages of the 
numbers in the several classes ranged from ten to thirty millions 
per centimeter. 
AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS. 
But little has been done in this direction in the United States. 
In 1892 Sedgwick and Batchelder examined a number of speci- 
mens of milk from Boston. ‘They found, as an average of several 
tests, that the milk obtained in a clean stable from a well-kept 
cow, by milking into a sterilized bottle, contained 530 bacteria per 
cubic centimeter. But when the milking was done under the 
ordinary conditions of farm practice, the number of bacteria 

* There are 946 cubic centimeters in a quart. 

