We also like this method of bracing end posts. It is simple, 
inexpensive, and very rigid. 
In vines which are spur or horizontal cordon pruned, the 
entire load of fruit is carried on the lower wire and hangs 
as shown in the photo on page 3. The shoots are placed be- 
tween each pair of small wires as they elongate, keeping the 
foliage in a vertical plane. No summer tying is necessary. 
Spraying is easy and coverage thorough. As growth continues, 
the canes hang over the top wires, providing ample shade for 
the fruit below. The fruit is quickly and easily harvested, 
without pawing through the entire vine. Furthermore, pruning 
is simplified, as all canes rise vertically from the vine 
framework. The slight additional cost for wire is more than 
repaid by the multiple advantages--among which may also be 
mentioned the more uniform ripening of the fruit, all hanging 
at the same distance from the ground. 
THE SECOND SEASON 
The trellis is now in place and the vine pruned to two 
buds. It is well to leave a short stub, preferably at right 
angles to the trunk, to fasten a stout string for training 
purposes 
After growth starts and danger of frost is past, the 
strongest shoot is selected and twined about the string. 
All others are removed. A little attention. now and the, pere- 
haps two or three times during the season, will keep it grow- 
ing up the cord. On spur and cordon pruned varieties the 
shoot is pinched off a couple buds beyond the lower wire--on 
vines pruned to the 4-cane Kniffin system, a couple buds be- 
yond the top wire. The lateral buds will then force, giving 
ample material for forming the framework of the three systems 
we will describe briefly. 
THE 4-CANE KNIFFIN 

? 77 7 
BEGINAING BETI VN AG | BEGINNING of g: aay 
SEcene SEASON Teco Fourry Season /-~ cor 
As fruit is borne on shoots arising only from the pre- 
vious years growth (with rare exceptions), all old wood must 
be removed and new canes laid down. For each cane, a spur 
of two buds is left, to provide fruiting wood for the next 
year. The number of buds left depends on the variety, age, 
and vigor of the individual vine. Thus for an average var- 
iety in its third season, one would. perhaps leave--a ‘total of 
25 to 40 buds, about 60% on the top wire;;the balance on the 
14 
