1 1 8 THE FA IR I -LAND OF SCIENCE. 
cult to picture to yourselves how the sea has eaten 
away these cliffs till some of the strongest pieces 
which have resisted the waves stand out by them- 
selves in the sea. That cave in the left-hand corner 
ends in a narrow dark passage from which you come 
out on the other side of the rocks into another bay. 
Such caves as these are made chiefly by the force of 
the waves and the air, bringing down pieces of rock 
from under the cliff and so making a cavity, and then 
as the waves roll these pieces over and over and grind 
them against the sides, the hole is made larger. 
There are many places on the English coast where 
large pieces of the road are destroyed by the crumbling 
down of cliffs when they have been undermined by 
caverns such as these. 
Thus, you see, the whole of the beautiful scenery of 
the sea the shores, the steep cliffs, the quiet bays, the 
creeks and caverns are all the work of the "sculptor" 
water ; and he works best where the rocks are hardest, 
for there they offer him a good stout wall to batter, 
whereas in places where the ground is soft it washes 
down into a gradual gentle slope, and so the waves 
come flowing smoothly in and have no power to eat 
away the shore. 
And now, what has Ice got to do with the sculp- 
turing of the land ? First, we must remember how 
much the frost does in breaking up the ground. The 
farmers know this, and always plough after a frost, 
because the moisture, freezing in the ground, has 
broken up the clods, and done half their work for 
them. 
