watered. Setting vines in wet soil causes the soil to get 
hard and the vines will not live as well or grow as fast 
as they should. When setting the vines, be sure to keep 
roots moist. The most common cause for loss of vines 
is the drying out of the root system. Cut off all broken 
or injured roots. Holes should be dug large enough so 
that the root system may be spread out without being 
cramped. Place vines in holes one inch deeper than they 
stood in the nursery. After the vines are placed in the 
holes in the proper position, fill holes one-half full of 
top soil. Water thoroughly. Place fertilizer in the hole. 
Fill hole level full. Do not mound dirt around the plants. 
Do not leave the soil depressed around the plants. A 
straw mulch is very good to retain soil moisture around 
newly-set plants. The land should be free of weeds and 
grass when vines are set. Keep free of weeds and grass 
the first two years. 
CULTIVATION—Frequent shallow and clean culti- 
vation during the first two years should be practiced. 
The first two years, low-growing crops such as cotton, 
lima beans, bunch string beans, tomatoes, or peas may 
be grown between rows to help defray cultivation ex- 
penses. Be sure that all grass and weeds are kept from 
around the vines. After the first two years the vineyard 
should not be cultivated as clean. Enough cultivation to 
keep weeds and grass under control should be practiced. 
Crops should not be planted between rows after the 
second year. NEVER CULTIVATE DEEP AT ANY TIME. 
The disc harrow is best for cultivating mature vineyards. 
The discs or other plows should not cut more than three 
inches deep. Enough weeds and grass should be left on 
the land to control soil erosion in mature vineyards. The 
use of some good winter legume, especially the clovers, is 
recommended. Another good winter cover crop is rye, to 
be disked in green. 
(6) 
