2 THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON 
differs from D. vulgaris in being somewhat larger.’ D. 
vulgaris is not found in India, west of Burmah, but it seems 
to have thrown off races to Ceylon and the Nicobar Islands 
(exprompta and nicobarica). De Nicéville distinguishes these 
races from vulgaris as follows :-— 
a. The white streaks from the base narrow ; no defined 
black border to wings=vulgarts. 
b. The whitish spaces on the basal area greatly pre- 
dominating, leaving a well defined black border beyond = 
exprompta and nicobarica. 
It is so constant and well defined a form, and so 
well separated geographically, that it seems to deserve 
specific rank. It bears a superficial resemblance to D. aglea 
but can be easily distinguished on the wing by the browner 
colour of the under side, which is rendered conspicuous by its 
manner of flight, and by having the cell of the fore-wing 
crossed vertically by a broad black band. The male has no 
sex mark but has slightly narrower and less rounded wings 
than the female. 
It is common in the Galle district, being especially 
abundant at Kottawa early in the year. I have also noted 
it at Bentota and Tebuwana. 
3. DANAIDA (TIRUMALA) LIMNIACE. 
Fruhstorfer names the Ceylon race mutina. 
Also found in India, Burmah and S. China. 
A very common low country insect, but it is found at all 
elevations during, and shortly after, the flights. It has a 
fairly strong flight while migrating but, at other times, it 
flies slowly and settles frequently on flowers or wet patches 
on the roads. It may be taken all the year round but is 
most plentiful during the NE. monsoon. 
4. DANAIDA (TIRUMALA) SEPTENTRIONIS. M., DeN., B. 
Danais (Tirumala) melissa musikanos E. — 
Two forms of septentrionis are found in India; one 
from Tenasserim, Assam, and the Eastern Himalayas, 
and the other from S. India. The latter differs from the 
Northern form in being much smaller, and in its ‘‘much 
lighter general tone of colouration’’ (De N.). Bingham and 
De Nicéville agree in uniting them as septentrionis, but 
Fruhstorfer has separated them as races of melissa which is 
