V1 
after each, viz.: M. = Moore’s ‘Lepidoptera of Ceylon.”’ 
De N = De Nicéville; B = Bingham, and E = Evans. 
Moore’s ‘‘ Lepidoptera Indica *’ is well illustrated and is 
the leading authority on species not dealt with yet in the 
‘‘ Fauna of India: Butterflies.’’ Its cost (£86) is, however, 
prohibitive, and I do not know of a copy in Ceylon. Another 
authority is Seitz ‘‘ Macrolepidoptera of the World,’’ which 
is now appearing in parts. The illustrations are good, but 
the letterpress is very scanty. It can be consulted at the 
Colombo Museum. 
The greatest difficulty in naming our forms lies in deciding 
whether they are species, sub-species or races, varieties, 
or aberrations. In this I have tried to follow an article by 
Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. (Entomologist’s Record, 
Vol. XXX., p. 168). He writes:—‘‘ One has to use words 
that are not definitely accepted by every one in the same 
sense. For present purposes I use ‘ race ’ or ‘ sub-species’ 
for the inhabitants of two different areas, if they can be 
distinguished........... The race inhabiting the locality 
from which the type of the species comes, retains the type 
name, which is also that of any race indistinguishable from it. 
“A ‘ variety ’ is a form occurring with the type race, or 
anywhere else, in fair numbers suggesting that it is usual 
for the species to vary in this way. An ‘ aberration ’ 
differs from a variety in being comparatively rare and 
unusual, and suggestive of probably having a pathological 
cause. The line of demarcation between ‘ variety ’ and 
‘aberration ’ may not always be easy to draw............ 
ass Bee I think a sub-species is a sub-species whether its 
geographical separation be complete or not, even if there 
be no very stringent separation at all. Of course, geo- 
graphical separation is almost conclusive proof that the 
separated race is a sub-species, and if this be’so, then it 
seems unnecessary to find any varietal differences, though 
as a matter of fact, such differences practically always 
exist where races are so separated. The real proof that 
geographical races are sub-species, or that any two different 
may not always be easy to draw 
