THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON 87 
is usually produced a short distance along the dorsal margin ; 
on the hind wing it is broad at the apex, but narrows gradually 
to the tornus; there is a fine black line on the disco-cellulars 
of the fore wing. | 
In vama §9.—Upper side: The ground colour is much 
brighter; the black border of the fore wing is broken below 
vein 2, and continued to the tornus as a fine line; on the 
lower wing there is a broad apical black patch, but it narrows 
abruptly in interspace 5, and is continued thence to the 
tornus as a narrow black line; there is no mark on the disco- 
cellulars of the fore wing. 
Under side: In cingala it resembles the g. In rama it 
answers nearly in ground colour and markings to Bingham’s 
description of 7. /@ta, wet season form. 
The males are fairly constant, but it is possible to grade 
them. The females are very variable, and grading is easy. 
i believe that vama is the cold and cingala the warm weather 
form of our Ceylon race. The differences between them 
coincide very nearly to the seasonal variations of T. libythea. 
See Plate 3, figs. r to 6. 
Cingala is very plentiful on the Uva patanas, from 500 to 
3,000 feet elevation ; rama is not so common, and is chiefly 
found from 3,000 feet upwards, at Haputale, Ohiya, etc. 
I. found cingala very plentiful at Galaha, near Kandy. 
Although I have always regarded cingala as by far the com- 
monest form, it is curious that the Colombo Museum 
did not possess a specimen till I sent them some a few years 
ago. They had, however, a very fine series of rama. 
I have an exceptionally large specimen of cingala 9, in 
which the ground colour is nearly white. 
The next group of Terias have always givena lot of trouble, 
as the species have a wide range, and are very variable. 
Moore split it into seven species in Ceylon, viz., hecabe, 
hecabeoides, simulata, citrina, untformis, rotundalis, and 
templetonit. Manders and De. Nicéville (A List of the 
Butterflies of Ceylon) reduced the number to three: hecabe, 
silhetana, and sart. Bingham and Evans do not give 
silhetana from Ceylon; the former allows us hecabe and sari, 
and the latter hecabe and an der soni. 
