100 THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON 
as distinct from vemba of Southern India. Bingham says: 
‘“ Ceylon specimens differ in the relative width of the black 
markings, and in the general paleness and dull tint of the 
greenish-yellow on the under side.’’ Among the few 
specimens that I possess there is great variation in both 
respects, those from Ratnapura being much larger and far 
brighter in colour on the under side than those from the hills 
of Uva. I have, however, not yet seen a female from 
Ratnapura. In some of my specimens of both sexes from 
above 4,000 feet elevation, the greenish tint is entirely absent, 
all markings on the under side being in dull shades of brown, 
This is a dry season form. A specimen in the Colombo 
Museum has the under side bright brownish-red. It is not 
labelled with the locality, but from its size and brightness of 
colouring is evidently from the wet zone. 
It is usually a great rarity. In February and March, 1902, 
it appeared in fair numbers on the bridle road from Haldum- 
mulla to the Horton Plains and at Chiya (6,000 feet). In 
March, 1906, I found it plentiful at the Amherst gap, Uda 
Pussellawa, but every specimen was worn. On these two 
occasions the females seemed almost as common as the males. 
They flew slowly and settled frequently, so were easy to 
catch. The low-country form on the other hand is said to 
be very hard to catch, and females are extremely rare. 
173. PARERONIA VALERIA CEYLONICA. Pareronia ceylonica, 
B., E.; Nepheronia ceylonica, M. 
Moore divides it into ceylonica, fraterna, and spiculifera. 
Bingham says it differs from pingasa in having the black 
border of the hind wing of even width throughout, not 
narrowed towards the tornus. 
In the British Museum collection pingasa, spiculifera, 
ceylonica, and fraterna, all stand as races of valeria. I 
consider spiculifera and fraterna are only varieties of the race 
ceylonica. 
Both sexes are very variable, and extreme forms of the male 
are very distinct. These are named by Moore :— 
1st, ceylonica.—The terminal margin of the fore wing is 
