FLORA OF THE ANAIMALAIS. il 
This sub-type is probably the most varied and botanically interesting 
of the area, The vegetation is exceedingly densely grown, so that, except 
where some fallen giant — has made a are api opening, suulight 
never reaches the soil. 
There are four well aemued stories : Lofty trees, with their crowns out 
"inthe sunlight, overtop all, some 140 or 150 feet above the ground. 
Besides those already mentioned one may quote: Cullenia excelsa Wight., 
Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb., Canarium strietum Roxb., Kurrimia 
bipartita Laws., and Nephelium Borpidve Camb. : 
cneathy these, smaller trees adapt themselves to the more shady con- 
ditions and form a second story. Of these the most characteristic are :— 
Unona pannosa Dalz., Goniothalamus Wightii Hook. f.& T., several 
Garcinias, Holigarna Beddomer Hook. f., Pithecolobium bigemminum 
Benth., Lugenia Munroit Wight., Teonditted lanceolata Wight., Premna 
coriacea ©. B. Clarke, Agrostistachys longifolia Benth., and Macaranga 
tomentosa Wight. The last named together with Clerodiaro's tnfortuna- 
éum Linn. (which here reaches to a height of 30 feet) are the first trees to 
appear as secondary growth on neglected clearings. 
Innumerable woody shrubs from the next stage, such as i—Paramignya 
armata ‘Oliv., Turraea villosa Burm., Leora nigricans Br., Psychotria 
Thwaitesti Hook. £., Psychotria adtimalioyank Bedd., Saprosma indicum 
Dalz., Ervatamia coronaria Stapf., several species of Sivobitin tes; which 
are often overgrown by Cassytha filiformts Linn., and Chloranthus 
brachystachyus Bl. 
wining among these and often binding them to form an almost 
‘impenetrable mass, are such twiners as Lavunga elewtherandra Dalz, 
Erythropalum populifolium Mast, and Rhaphidophora pertusa Schott. 
Occasionally there are canebrakes of Calamus pseudotenuis Bece. 
Finally, below all, there is a carpet of herbs and cryptogams, includ- 
ing i— 
Several species of Impatiens, Sonerila Brunonis W.&A,, AeriviKera 
anamallica Bedd., Neurocalyry Wightit Arn., Ophtor ica hirsutella 
Wight., Zener permollis Nees., Pilea stipulosa Migq., Gymnopteris 
contaminans Wall., and Selaginella plumosa Baker. Old: rotted stumps 
afford lodging for mosses and smaller ferns and masses of Nephrolepis - 
cordifolia Linn. The soil under this covering consists mainly of the decom- 
posed and decomposing debris of all this vegetation and affords the shelter . 
beloved of leeches, These animals are a perfect pest, if not a danger, 
during the wet season, As an Indian subordinate officer once reported of 
forests of this type: “The attacks of elephants and leeches are too 
much,” 
. 
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