‘he geographical and seasonal variations of Coenonympha pamphilus L. 195 
specimen from the Valais, bought by me at Martigny, from the 
‚dow of Wulschlegel, and which I have named bipertita in the 
at. Record, 1919, p. 121, is quite similar to the I gen. of Spain 
ı upperside and resembles it considerably on underside, although 
is more heavily loaded with gray. Finally in Central Asia the 
'o exerges are found in the same regions, evidently replacing each 
her according to local conditions, and there exist perfectly inter- 
ediate ones, such as a series I have from Duktan in Zarafshan, 
50 in the II gener. We thus see that the zone of transition be- 
‚een the areas of /yllus and C. pamphilus runs through northern 
yain, then presumably through the south of France, where a strain 
Ipllus stretches as iar as the Valais, presumably spread there 
company with Erynnis marrubii (= boe'ica) and other Iberian 
‚ecies and races one is rather surprised to find in a Swiss Valley. 
ırdinia (and probably Corsica) are with Sicily (and probably the 
treme south of Calabria) on the /yllus side, whilst only pamphilus 
aabits northern Calabria. From Greece I have only seen pamphilus, 
t too few specimens to affirm the absence of /yllus. In Crete 
e peculiar fhyrsis, Freyer is a near ally of /yllus, but, no doubt, 
third exerge, as we will presently see. The zone of transition 
2n stretches from the southern portion of Asia Minor, through 
irdistan, to the Transcaspian District and then, eastward, as far 
! Eastern Turkestan, Kashgar being the furthest locality known 
“ Wyllus. 
A few interesting inferences can by drawn from the variations 
d distribution of these Coenonympha, which confirm those I have 
awn from the genus Zygaena, because they evidently follow 
actly the same lines of evolution. The three broader groups 
Yrsis, Iyllus and pamphilus are obviously successive grades, on 
> whole, of a single line of variation and probably of descent. 
'we take into account the remarkable transitional look of the 
iental (Mesopotamia to Persia) species C. saadi, Koll., between 
2 type of pattern of fhyrsis and that of the Australian //ypocrysta, 
are lead to conclude that fhyrsis is probably the most ancient 
ing form of the pamphilus line of descent. Certain points 
‚a distant resemblance to corinna and to vaucheri, not to men- 
n dorus, gives one the impression that it was the form of 
mphilus which flew in company with them before the Glacial 
och and during the hot Interglacial periods, whilst during the 
riods of glaciation it only survived under that form in southern 
rts of the Palaearctic region. Further north its constitution 
'olved into a state of organic balance suited to stand cold climates 
d succeeded in producing an extreme one capable of living even 
