The geographical and seasonal variations of Coenonympha pamphilus L. 203 
The European races of Group pamphilus, L. 
In Catalonia there exist races which differ from all the others 
of the species and are peculiar on account of their unatractive 
looks: the I gen. barcinonis, mihi, resembles emiaustralis by its 
pale marginal band, but the underside is of a darker, duller gray 
(“types” of May from Llinas, near Barcelona); the II gen. post- 
barcinonis, mihi, (July 7th to Sept. 10th) resembles in the same 
way posteiniaustralis, but it has on upperside a much duller and 
‚discoloured tinge, although often redder in tone; the underside has 
‚about the same pattern as aestivalis of Italy, but its colour is 
‚more uniformely of a dull gray mixed with tawny scales, so 
that it looks dirty. In the mountains, at Santa Fe, m 1200, on 
the Montseny, and at Seva, m 700, a smaller race is met with, 
ot a lighter ochre yellow on upperside of II gen. and with under- 
side more uniform in pattern, because the white space and the 
ocelli are less pronounced, so that there is less difference bet- 
ween it and the I gen.; I name it foeda. From Aragon southward, 
to my knowledge, forms belonging to the /pllus, Esper, exerge 
prevail, if they do not actually replace entirely those of the parn- 
philus exerge. The degenerate look of the latter in its Catalonian 
races seems due to the fact that they hold their ground on the 
extreme limits of surroundings compatible with its constitution. 
Further south the one of the /ypllus exerge is required to face the 
heat and, probably, more especially the long periods of drought. 
On the northern watershed of the Alps race emiaustralis, 
Vrty, Entomologist’s Record, 1919, p. 121, described from 
Geneva, is broadspread and my materials seem to show that this 
same race is produced in the whole of the southern portion of 
Central Europe. I possess it, for instance, from Gedre, in the 
Hautes Pyrenees, from Nimes, in the Gard, from Chambery' in 
Savoy, from Dombresson, in the Jura, from the Black Forest and 
from Vienna. The I gen., like australis, varies very much indi- 
vidually, but keeps remarkably constant, on the whole, considering 
the variety of localities it inhabits in that vast area: the underside 
is more on less the same as that of australis, of a uniform gray, 
usually clear and with a velvety surface, slightly shot with greenish 
or bluish; pattern very inconspicuous; white space very limited 
9r entirely abolished; early-spring and antuminal individuals are 
oiten of the murina, Vrty., form, with very dark, blackish under- 
side, shot with bluish. The distinguishing feature from australis 
zonsists chiefly in the marginal pattern of upperside, which belongs 
‘o the pamphilus Group, instead of to the marginata Group, by 
Jeing much paler and often so indistinct as to seem entirely 
