12 MINERAL SPRINGS OF THE UNITED STATES. [bull. 32. 
or wine gallon of 231 cubic inches. Whenever there has been a choice 
between two or more forms preference has been giveu to the one ex- 
pressed as grains per gallon. Although this is not the most scientific 
method, the majority of the analyses are so expressed. Of 819 analyses 
49(> are stated in that form. It is popularly supposed to be the 
most intelligible to the greatest number of persons. But it may be ques- 
tioned whether grains per gallon is an expression so readily understood 
as parts to the hundred thousand or parts in one million, &c. Com- 
paratively few persons have very definite ideas as to how much a grain 
of any particular substance is. When the results of analyses are ex- 
pressed as grains or parts in 100, 1,000, 6,000, &c, it is only a matter of 
simple multiplication to bring them into comparable forms. 
The figures in the tables, with few exceptions, have been carried 
out to but two decimal places. Only quantitative analyses are included, 
and where several analyses of a water have been made all are given 
with the dates, ag far as they could be ascertained. 
It is impossible to mention here all those to whom thanks are due for 
data used in the preparation of the chemical tables. In connection 
with each analysis is given the name of the analyst. A great many of 
the analyses have been taken from State geological reports, and par- 
ticularly from reports of Government explorations in the case of the- 
Western States. Various correspondents and spring-owners through 
out the whole country have contributed information under this head. 
Others to whom the writer is especially indebted are mentioned under 
the different State headings in the following pages. 
The grouping of the mineral springs of the United States geograph- 
ically has been by States, according to the scheme of subdivision pro- 
posed by Mr. Henry Gannett, geographer of the Tenth Census. 1 This 
brings the springs of each region into the same section and seems pref- 
erable in the present case to an alphabetic arrangement. 
The preliminary character of this paper must be kept in view, and it 
will be esteemed a favor if attention is called to any errors or cases of 
duplication that may have crept into these pages. 
NORTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. 
The Northern Atlantic States might, perhaps, be divided, so far as 
their geological features are concerned, into two divisions, viz, the New 
England States and those formerly included with the Middle States. 
In the former the rocks are of the older formations, referable mainly 
to the Archean, sedimentary rocks occupying relatively small areas. 
To this is, perhaps, due the fact that the springs are, as a rule, some- 
what less mineralized than are those of the remaining States. Alkaline 
waters are more frequent in the New Euglaud States than in the Middle 
'Census Bulletin No. 277. November 1, 1881. 
(140) 
