ritssell.1 CANYON SPEINGS. 167 
discharge somewhat less than 2 cubic feet per second, and are now used 
for irrigation. Other similar springs are near, but are not utilized. 
These springs come to the surface through talus and above a stratum 
of yellowish lapilli. Their temperature is 69° F. An excellent 
opportunity is here furnished for excavating horizontal wells, and 
there is an abundance of land near at hand suitable for irrigation. It 
is safe to say that not only the springs at Chapman's ranch but the 
neighboring spring a few hundred yards to the east could be developed 
so as to yield much more water than they now deliver. 
The portion of Snake River Canyon from Chapman's ranch westward 
to the Idaho-Oregon boundary has not been visited by me, and what 
the conditions are in respect to the presence or absence of canyon 
springs is unknown. 
In Bruneau Valley, near Hot Spring post-office, a number of large 
hot springs come to the surface and are utilized for irrigation. The 
temperature of one of these is 109° F. Still more remarkable springs 
occur from 5 to 6 miles up Hot Spring Creek, where its canyon is 
narrow. One of the springs has an estimated volume of 1 cubic feet 
per second, and a temperature of 109° F. While the high tempera- 
ture of these remarkable springs suggests that they come from deep 
fissures, no other evidence that such is the case was obtained during 
my hasty visit. The canyon or valley in which they occur is fully 1,000 
feet deep, and there is little doubt but that they are of the canyon- 
spring type, but for the most part they rise in the bottoift of a canyon 
instead of issuing from its sides. In places, however, as on Hot Spring 
Creek, they gush out from the canyon wall at an elevation of approx- 
imately 100 feet above its bottom. These springs, although developed 
to some extent by vertical borings, as will be described more fully 
later in connection with the records of other artesian wells, can easily 
be made to yield far more water than they do at present. 
The marked success that has attended the excavation of the two 
horizontal wells near Hagerman, and also the concentration of the 
outflow of water secured by a similar method at The Thousand Springs, 
is highly encouraging to the hope that a great development of the 
canyon spring described above may be attained. 
There need be no hesitation in concluding that results similar to 
those just referred to may be had at a large number of localities. 
Wherever a canyon spring appears, there is an opportunity to increase 
its flow and in many instances to obtain water at a higher level than 
it now comes to the surface, for the reason that the water usually 
issues from talus and the true source is concealed. The main difficul- 
ties are the clearing away of the fallen blocks of stone that encumber 
the lower portions of the canyon walls, and the discovery of the edge 
of the water-bearing stratum. In some places the murmur of the 
water in flowing through the talus will assist in doing this. W r here 
