Williams.] FAUNAL DISSECTION OF THE DEVONIAN. 47 
In 188G, in a paper On the Classification of the Upper Devonian,® 
this classification of the faunas was further elaborated in a report of 
investigations based on the examination of ten sections across the 
same formation, made at intervals of about 50 miles, and reaching 
j from Newberry's typical Cuyahoga section at Cleveland, Ohio, to 
i the Unadilla section of Otsego and Delaware counties, N. Y. In 
the list there given the different faunas were spoken of as faunas, 
distinguished by the general content of species, and stages was the 
name applied to the faunules into which the dominant fauna was 
divided. On this basis the following successive faunas were recog- 
nized : 
A. Hamilton fauna and its direct successors. 
B. Black shale fauna. 
C. Portage fauna. 
D. Chemung fauna. 
E. Flat pebble conglomerate fauna. 
F. Catskill fauna and flora. 
G. Waver ly fauna. 
H. Olean conglomerate fauna and flora. 
J. Barclay coal fauna. 
In the life range of each of these faunas temporary stages were 
noted. These temporary and local expressions of the fauna are 
called faunules in the present paper. Although they do express halt- 
ing places or stages in the evolution of the fauna, they are not full, 
but rather partial, expressions of the general fauna, reflecting par- 
ticularly the influence of local conditions of environment; and, as 
the statistics show, rarely holding any peculiar species, but holding 
the common species of the fauna in particular proportions of rarity 
and abundance of individuals. The name applied to each is derived 
from some particularly abundant species. Thus, in the series of local 
temporary faunules of the Hamilton fauna, eight stages were recog- 
nized, as first reported in 1886, as follows: 
A 1. Paracyclas lirata stage or faunule. 
A 2. Spirifera lawis stage or faunule. 
A 3. Stropheodonta mucronata stage or faunule. 
A 4. A try pa reticularis stage or faunule. 
A 5. Leiorhynchus globuliforine stage or faunule. 
A 6. Tropidoleptus carinatus stage or faunule. 
A 7. Spirifer mesistrialis stage or faunule. 
A 6 f . Second recurrence of Tropidoleptus stage or faunule. 
In the same way the Black shale fauna (B) was expressed in the 
following five local temporary faunules, successive to each other in 
time : 
B. Lingula spatulata stage or faunule; Genesee shale. 
B 1. Second Lingula spatulata stage; Portage shale. 
B 2. Lingula complanata stage; " Ithaca group. " 
B 3. Lingula spatulata, third stage; Cleveland shale 
B 4. Lingula complanata, second stage; Chemung shale. 
«Proc\ Am. Assoc. Adv. ScL, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 222-234. 
