HAYES A 
KENNEDY. 
ND~1 
Y. J 
METHODS OF BURNING THE OIL. 
163 
heat, and as the fuel is completely consumed no smoke issues from the 
chimney. When perfect combustion is interrupted by a too rapid 
feed of oil or an insufficient supply of air, an intensely black smoke 
pours from the stack in great volumes, covering everything it touches 
with a black, greasy soot. Under these conditions the flame becomes 
a dull red, the oil is not consumed, and, although more fuel is used, 
less work is performed. When steam is used in excess the smoke is 
white and watery owing to the condensation of the steam. Under 
these conditions the fire usually goes out. 
In making his experiment Professor Denton used the Williams 
burner. His arrangements for burning the oil probably represent the 
Fig. 10. — Boiler furnace with oil-burning equipment 
best practice yet devised, and, with his modifications of the boiler 
furnace, are shown in figs. 10 and 11. 
Four ducts of hollow tile (F, fig. 11) 10 by 6 inches were laid in the 
ash pit, extending nearly to the bridge wall, and the ash-pit door open- 
ings closed by brickwork around the outer ends of the tile. 
The forward bearer of the grate bars (N, fig. 11) was dropiDed, about 
half of the forward set of bars removed, and a course of fire brick 
(O, fig. 11) laid with fire clay over the whole upper surface of the 
grates, so that air entering through the tile could flow back along the 
outside of the latter, and then around and up between the front end 
