ransome.] COPPER DEPOSITS OF BISBEE, ARIZ. 153 
taneously discovered from the original Copper Queen incline and 
from the Atlanta workings. In order to avoid legal complications 
the two companies combined as the Copper Queen Consolidated Min- 
ing Company, which gradually absorbed the neighboring properties 
by purchase. In 1886 the old smelting plant became inadequate and 
was rebuilt. Greater economy was necessary, as the average tenor of 
the ore had fallen to about 8 per cent and the price of copper had 
notably declined. 
Shortly after 1890 the completely oxidized ores showed signs of 
failing, but in 1893 the works were remodeled by the introduction of 
converters, and sulphide and oxide ores have since that time been 
successfully worked together by the matte process. The introduc- 
tion of these converters was due to Dr. James Douglas, and marked 
the beginning of a new epoch in the smelting of copper ores in 
Arizona. 
Up to the end of 1902 practically all of the copper from Bisbee was 
the product of the connected group of mines ow^ned by the Copper 
Queen Company. Recently, however, extensive ore bodies have been 
opened up in the Calumet and Arizona mine, and in the latter part of 
December, 1902, this company was turning out from 30 to 40 tons of 
copper a day from its new smelter at Douglas. 
This town, situated in the middle of Sulphur Spring Valley, on the 
international boundary, has sprung up with remarkable rapidity dur- 
ing the last year. Its growth is due to the erection here of the new 
smelters for the Copper Queen and the Calumet and Arizona companies, 
and to the fact that it is the junction point of the newly completed 
El Paso and Southwestern Railroad with the Naeosari Railroad into 
Mexico. It will undoubtedly become an important smelting point, 
not only for the Bisbee ores but for those from Mexico. 
From August, 1880, to the end of 1902 the total output of the Cop- 
per Queen Company was over 378,000,000 pounds of copper. The 
production of all the other mines within this period was probably 
something less than 2,000,000 pounds, so that the total production of 
the district may be given, in round numbers, as 380,000,000 pounds 
of copper. The maximum output was in 1901, when the Copper 
Queen mines produced 39,781,333 pounds of copper. 
THE ORES. 
(jfeneral occurrence of the ores. — The principal bodies of copper ore 
lie south of the town of Bisbee, within a radius of a mile. They occur 
in Carboniferous limestone, on the southwest side of a great fault, 
and closely associated with an intrusive mass of granite-porphyry. 
In the absence of the geological map and sections the structural rela- 
tions may perhaps be most clearly presented by a homely illustration. 
If half of a broken saucer be placed on a table with the fractured 
edge lying about west-northwest, and if the back of a book be laid 
