;l.] 
NEW YORK. 255 
In 1880 the Wallkill Portland Cement Company was organized. The 
limestone and clay properties above referred to were purchased, and 
■in abandoned flour mill at Carthage Landing, on the Hudson, was 
■eased and equipped with suitable machinery, a drying channel, and 
|wo upright kilns. The manufacture of Portland cement was com- 
Inenced at these works early in 1881. The product, though small in 
luantity, was of excellent quality and had a ready sale. Tests and 
reports by Messrs. Clark and Maclay demonstrated the value of the 
I'cment, and the experimenters were satisfied that the manufacture 
lould be made commercially successful on a larger scale. At both the 
Low Point and Carthage Landing plants gas-house coke was used for fuel. 
! Average analyses of the clay and limestone used are given later in 
pis paper in discussing the operations at South Rondout. A typical 
Analysis of the cement made at Carthage Landing follows: 
Analysis of cement made at Carthage Landing, N. Y. 
Lime 59. 43 
(Magnesia 1. 72 
jPeroxide iron 5. 17 
klumina 8. 13 
Bilica . 24. 10 
[Water, alkalies, etc 1. 45 
100. 00 
In the latter part of 1881 work was commenced on a plant located 
pn the limestone property near South Rondout, and works with a 
bapacit}^ of 200 to 300 barrels a day were put in operation in 1883. 
These works were equipped with Blake crushers, cone grinders, 
buhrstone mills, mixers, and formers. Sixteen upright dome kilns 
were in use, with a drying channel connected and heated by the waste 
gases from the kilns. The limestone and clay were crushed, ground, 
and mixed dry, then steamed and formed into bricks, which were 
loaded on iron cars and run b}^ gravity through the drying channels. 
For some time after cement manufacture had been in progress at 
these works the gas companies of New York and Albany had supplied 
the coke necessary for burning the material, but the introduction of 
the water-gas process cut off this source of fuel supply. This left the 
plant dependent upon Pennsylvania coke, the cost of transportation 
and handling of which increased the cost of cement manufacture very 
largely. Mr. Sanderson therefore commenced experiments on the 
use of crude Lima oil as fuel, but found that the clinkering of the 
cement materials in front of the burners prevented the heat from 
entering the charge. Knowing that this same difficulty had been met 
in metallurgic operations and overcome by the use of rotary furnaces, 
he directed his attention toward such furnaces or kilns as presenting 
a possible solution of the problem. 
The kiln adopted was a form which had been patented in 1881 by 
