EL. J 
NEW YORK. 
261 
The following analysis, by J. H. McGuire, chemist of the Cayuga 
ant, shows the composition of the limestone and shale used here. 
Analyses of cement-making material used by Cayuga Portland Cement Company. 
llica(Si0 2 ) 
Iluinina (A1 2 3 ) . .. 
ron oxide (Fe 2 :5 ) . 
lime (CaO) 
lagnesia (MgO) ... 
Limestone. 
Shale. 
9.72 
6.30 
7.88 
58. 44 
57. 82 
4.20 
"..48 
| 3.35 
4.01 
27. 45 
21.76 
47.11 
50. 25 
48.10 
1.16 
8. 32 
.66 
.22 
.53 
2.23 
1.81 
60. 02 
26.60 
2. 31 
1.62 
I In 1886 T. Millen & Sons commenced the manufacture of Portland 
lenient at Warners, Onondaga Count} 7 . In 1890 the plant was pur- 
Iiased by the Empire Portland Cement Company and the works were 
Hmost entirely rebuilt, a much larger output being secured by the 
Inprovements then introduced. Since that date the plant has been in 
lonstant operation, with the exception of stops aggregating only some 
Ive or six weeks in all, caused by fires. 
I The materials used are marl and clay, obtained from a swamp in the 
licinity of Warners, the present workings being located about three- 
lourths of a mile from the works. The marl bed covers an area of 
leveral hundred acres, of which about 100 acres have already been 
Ixcavated. A revolving derrick with clam-shell bucket is employed 
lor excavating the marl, the clay being dug by hand. The materials 
Ire taken to the works over a narrow-gage railway owned by the com- 
lany, on cars carrying from 3 to 5 tons each, drawn by a small locomo- 
|pe. . At the works the cars are hauled up an inclined track by means 
|f a cable and drum to the mixing floor. 
The swamp from which the raw materials are obtained shows sec- 
ions, from top to bottom, approximately as follows: 
Section in swamp at Warners, N. Y. 
Feet. 
Muck 1-2 
flipper bed, white marl 4-7 
Lower bed, gray t< > brown marl 4-7 
land • 0-1 
bluish clay 2-5 
As might be expected from the relative color of the marls, the 
naterial from the lower bed shows on analysis more organic matter 
ban that from the upper bed, for which reason more of it must be 
lsed with the same amount of clay than of marl from the upper bed. 
This distinction is accompanied by other slight but rather constant 
lifferences in chemical composition, which have also to be taken into 
iccount in the preparation of the cement mixture. 
