NOMENCLATURE. 13 
In 1899 mining was begun on the cunindmn deposits in Ontario, 
Canada (p. 151), and these have since become tiie chief producers of 
this mineral in America. 
A\\)rk on tJie Montana corundum deposits (p. 18;^) began in 1900, 
and they are now in such condition that their product can be shipped 
in competition with that from other k)calities. 
The latest discovery of corundum in America wjis in Phniias 
County, CaL (p. 4ii). It Avas prospected to some extent in 1901, but 
no conniiercial quantities of corundum have been located. 
NOMKNCIiATlIRE OF CORUNDUM. 
There are now recognized three varieties of corunchnn, depending 
on purity, degree of crystallization, and structure. These are: (1) 
Sapphire, including all the highly colored varieties of corundum 
which are transparent to translucent and are of value as gems; 
(2) corundum, including all those varieties of dark and dull colors 
and also the massive lighter-colored varieties that are not transparent, 
as the blue to gray, brown, and white; and (3) emery, including the 
intimate mixture of very fine granular corundum with magnetite and 
sometimes with hematite, in appearance very similar to a fine-grained 
iron ore, witli which it was at first often confused. These varieties 
are described in detail on pages 22 to 26. In 1805 Haiiy formally 
miited these different varieties under the one species, corundum. 
Various names derived from its color, hardness, parting, structure, 
etc., have been applied to corinidum. The following names have been 
used to designate the different varieties of this mineral : " 
Names that have been aiJplied to corandmn, sajjphire, and emery. 
SAPPHIRE. 
Amethiste orientale. Cat sapphire. 
Anthrax (Theophrastus). Chlor sapphire. 
Apyrote. Corindoii hyalin (Haiiy). 
Asterie. Coriiidon perfect. 
Asteria (Pliny). Corindon telesie (Brongniart). 
Asteriated sapphire. Emerald. 
Barklyite (Stephen). Emeraude. 
Bleu du roi. Emeraude orientale. 
Blue sapphire. Green sapphire. 
Bronze corundum (p. 104). Hyacinth. 
Carbunculus (Pliny). Hyacinthos (Pliny). 
"The list has been compiled from Dana's System of Mineralogy, sixth edition; Dic- 
tionary of the Names of Minerals, by Chester ; Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms, by 
Egleston, and from the names used by the lapidaries. 
