DISTRIBUTION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 155 
BURMA, SIAM, AND CEYLON. 
The finest sapphires that are known are foiuid in Burma, Siam, 
.111(1 Ceylon, and have the rich, deep-blue color for which the oriental 
stone is noted. Sai)phires of a rich, velvety blue, and some very good 
-tones of a lighter color, have been obtained from Simla Pass, in the 
1 1 imalaya Mountains. 
In Cejdon, many, varieties of corundum gems are found in the 
•travels of the streams and rivers of the Balangoda, Rakwana, and 
Ratnapura districts; but thus far none of the corundum gems have 
been found in place, and nothing definite is known as to their origin. 
Sapphires are much more common than the rubies. The stone for 
which the island is especially noted and which in some respects is 
peculiar to Ceylon is the star sapphire, or asteria. This stone, when 
cut en cabachon, exhibits a six-rayed star and in some instances a 
twelve-rayed star." 
TURKEY. 
The Turkish emery is obtained from the province or vilayet of 
Aidin, in Asia Minor, Avhich embraces nearly the entire basins of the 
rivers Sarabat and Mender. Smyrna is the principal town of the 
province, and is the center of trade for all the surrounding district 
and islands. The deposits that are now being worked are on the 
Gumush Dagh Mountain and on the slopes of Ak Sivri,^ which is a 
mountain about 125 miles to the south. The former of these deposits 
is about 12 miles east of the ruins of Ephesus, and just north of the 
river Mender; the latter is in what J. Lawrence Smith ^ describes as 
the Kulah district, and it is much more inaccessible than the former. 
Emery has also been found in small quantities near Adula, a town 
about 12 or 15 miles east of Kulah, and also at Manser, about 24 miles 
north, and at AUahinan-Bourgs, about 20 miles south of Smyrna. 
The occurrence of the emery at all these localities is very similar, it 
being embedded in a bluish, coarse-grained to compact marble or lime- 
stone, resting upon mica-slates, schists, and gneisses. It always 
occurs in the limestone or marble; not even a trace has as yet been 
found in the other rocks. It does not occur in a well-defined vein, but 
in pockets, scattered irregularly through the rock, that are sometimes 
200 feet in length and J^OO feet in width. The walls of these pockets 
are very irregular, as the limestone intrudes upon them and then 
recedes very suddenly. 
« Ceylon at St. Louis, 1904, p. 151. 
"Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 28, 1898, p. 20G. 
'•Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 10, 1850, p. 357. 
