PANAMINT RANGE. 20] 
east side of the lake beds in the Funeral Mountains and normal fa nils 
in the Panamint Range. In early Pleistocene t me the lines of dis- 
turbance were north-northwest, and normal faults, with a sti 
parallel to the valley axis, occur in the older alluvium east of Stove- 
pipe Wells. In the Panamint Range 22 miles beyond the boundary 
of the area mapped and in line with Death Valley a narrow block, 
apparently faulted into the older rocks, has, at a distance of L5 mi 
the appearance of the older alluvium. The fronts of the Panamint 
and Amargosa ranges facing Death Valley are very steep and may be 
due to the erosional shifting of a fault scarp. The absence of Paleo- 
zoic inliers in the valley indicates the steep grade with which these 
rocks descend beneath the valley gravels. That the drainage 1 lines 
of the Panamint and Amargosa ranges flowing into Death Valley 
have been revived in comparatively late geologic time is indicated 
by the intense dissection of the prebasaltic mature topograph)' of 
the Panamint and Amargosa ranges. (See pp. 202 and 161.) The 
history of Death Valley has been complex, and the solution of the 
problem requires more detailed work than was possible in the present 
reconnaissance. 
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 
Extensive deposits of colemanite and other borax minerals occur in 
the Tertiary lake beds near Furnace Creek, and the extension of these 
beds in the area mapped is worthy of careful prospecting. " Marsh " 
borax has been found 2 miles south of Surveyors Well, and it is prob- 
able that this has been leached from the older alluvium near by. The 
clays and limestone of this formation may contain important cole- 
manite deposits. 
PANAMINT RANGE. 
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY. 
The Panamint Range is 130 miles long and trends north-northwest 
parallel to the Sierra Nevada. At its north end lava mesas unite it 
with the Amargosa Range; its south end passes into low hill- of 
Tertiary sediments and lavas capped by later basic volcanics." The 
ascent from Death Valley on the east ranges from 6,000 to 11,000 
feet, while that from Panamint and Termination valleys on the west 
is almost as great. The range culminates 20 miles south of tin 4 area 
here mapped in Telescope Peak, which the Wheeler' survey deter- 
mined to be 10,938 feet high. Within the area the highest point is Tin 
Mountain, whose elevation is 8,900 feet. The range crest is somewhat 
west of the center, and the western slope seems a succession o 
and declivities. The range is scored by deep canyons, some of which 
are comparable with the most famous gorges of the Rocky Mountains. 
Marble Canyon (PI. Ill) is particularly impressive. The sharply 
a Spurr, J. E., Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 208, 1903, p. 201. 
