202 SOUTHWESTERN NEVADA AND EASTERN CALIFORNIA. 
curving inner can}' on, which is but 10 feet wide, is overhung by walls 
200 feet high, and many portions of the stream channel are in per- 
petual shadow. The walls are beautifully smoothed and rounded 
by erosion 75 feet above the stream bed. Rock cliffs 10 to 100 feet 
high, which in other regions would form waterfalls, break the more 
gentle grades of gravel. The brilliant yellows, reds, whites, and 
blacks of the limestone enhance the beauty due to form. 
The crest of the range is characterized by an older, more mature 
topography, with well-graded stream channels and gently rounded 
peaks and slopes. Near the southern boundary of the area mapped 
and for a distance of 4 miles south of Tin Mountain this belt is 3 
miles wide, while the intermediate belt along the crest line is but 1 
mile wide. Remnants occur in favorable positions on the middle 
slopes of the mountain range above an elevation of 5,000 feet. On 
the southern border of the area the basalt covers a portion of this sur- 
face — a fact which indicate- that the surface Avas probably developed 
in Pliocene time. The older alluvium, in part, is formed of remnants 
of the alluvial slopes, the gravel pediment of this subdued mountain 
range. 
Sparse growths of pinon and juniper cover the southwest corner of 
the area and the northeastern and southern slopes of Tin Moun- 
tain, while cottonwood and willow grow along Cottonwood Creek. 
Grass is found around the small plava uorthwesl of Goldbelt Spring 
and in the valleys in the higher portion of the range. 1 "lie Panamint 
Range, because of its elevation, has a heavier annual precipitation 
than most of the other ranges. One or more springs rise in nearly 
all the main gulches tributary to Cottonwood and Marble Canyon 
creeks. Several springs lie south of Tin Mountain. Emigrant 
Spring, to the south of the area mapped, (lows 1,100 gallons of water 
per day. 
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 
The formations of the Panamint Range, from the oldest to the 
youngest, are as follow-: Prospect Mountain quartzite (?), Pogonip 
limestone, Pennsylvanian limestone, earlier quartz -monzoriite por- 
phyry, post-Jurassic granitoid rocks (quartz monzonite, soda syenite, 
and granite), later quartz-monzonite porphyry, older alluvium, basalt. 
and Recent alluvium. 
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. 
Prospect Mountain quartzite ( ?). — Tucki Mountain is formed of 
metamorphosed sediments identified with the supposed Prospect 
Mountain quartzite of the Amargosa Range. (Sec p. 162.) 
Pogonip limestone. — The most widely distributed formation of the 
Panamint Range is the Pogonip limestone, of which at least 3.000 feet 
is exposed. The limestone, which is compact and fine grained, ranges 
