VI CONTENTS. 
The Effects of the Earthquake and Fire on Buildings, etc. — Con- 
tinued. 
General conclusions — Continued. Page 
Fireproofing 119 
Protection of openings 122 
Fireproof vaults 124 
Constructions and materials recommended for earthquake locali- 
ties 124 
The minimizing of fire losses • 126 
Earthquake insurance 129 
Summary . 129 
The Earthquake and Fire and their Effects on Structural Steel and 
Steel-Frame Buildings, by Frank Soule 131 
The earthquake 131 
Geologic features 131 
A study of the effect of natural features on the intensity of 
destruction 132 
Distance from the fault line 132 
Soil formation 133 
The fire 136 
General description 136 
Abstract of report of engineers' committee of the National Board 
of Fire Underwriters 139 
Extracts from a San Francisco fire expert's report to the British 
fire-prevention committee 140 
Effect of the layout of the city and the character of the buildings- 141 
Behavior of structural steel and steel-frame buildings subjected to the 
earthquake and fire 142 
Effects due primarily to the earthquake 142 
Introduction 142 
Foundations 143 
Structural-steel frames exposed to vibratory motion 143 
Masonry walls and stonework 145 
Reliability of structural steel 145 
Effects of the fire 146 
Buildings 146 
Fireproofing 147 
General conditions 147 
Concrete 147 
Terra cotta 148 
Plaster and metal work 148 
Brickwork 149 
Reenforced concrete 150 
Lessons from the various types of buildings 150 
Fire-fighting apparatus and fire-resisting materials 153 
Final conclusions 157 
Earthquake protection 157 
Fire protection 157 
Acknowledgments 158 
List of Papers Relating to the Earthquake and Fire 159 
Index _* 163 
