EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES OUTSIDE OF SAN FRANCISCO. 23 
6-inch face of stone, poorly bedded, containing a large percentage of 
spalls, the lime mortar being of good quality. The construction is 
fairly common in other parts of the country. The roof trusses were 
not anchored to the, walls, but to a great extent were butted against 
the walls; the floor joists rested in the Avails and were not tied. 
Under the vibrations the walls were pushed out of plumb and, having 
no proper connection with the floor and roof members, collapsed. 
The gymnasium and library presented interesting features. The 
dome of the library was supported by a skeleton of steel, and although 
the surrounding walls collapsed, this dome was not damaged (PL XV, 
A). The gymnasium dome rested on intermediate brick walls, which 
collapsed with the dome ( PL XV, B ) . 
The boys' dormitory (Encina Hall) was built of stone, and was one 
of the buildings erected by Senator Stanford. The chimneys of this 
structure collapsed and crashed through the roof and floors, killing one 
student and injuring several others. The Avails themselves were but 
slightly cracked. The girls' dormitory (Koble Hall) had walls of 
reenforced concrete with wooden floors. The chimneA^s on this struc- 
ture also collapsed, but no other damage was done, the Avails being left 
intact, without any cracks. 
The memorial arch (PL XVI) Avas a poorly designed structure, 
100 feet high, Avith stone-veneered Avails. The structure above the 
arch ring was hollow, and an attempt had been made to stiffen it by 
the use of a number of I beams. These beams Avere not tied to the 
stonework, but simply rested upon it, and under the action of the 
earthquake they became battering ranis and helped to accomplish the 
destruction of the arch. The arch as first designed Avas 75 feet high, 
and it will be noted that the earthquake reduced it to the height orig- 
inally intended (PL XVI, B). 
The memorial chapel, one of the most beautiful buildings in this 
country, was almost completely Avrecked (PL XVII, B) by the col- 
lapse of the tower. A platform of steel beams had been placed under 
the clock as a precaution against the chance falling of the pendulum, 
and this platform saved the clock. The damage done to the mosaic 
Avork and the interior decoration is probably irreparable. 
The chemical laboratory Avas damaged by falling chimneys, and 
gable Avails Avere pushed out and suffered considerable damage hy the 
collapse of the assay stack. The plastering Avas also badly cracked. 
Great damage was also wrought in the poAver plant of the mechanical 
engineering department by the falling of the stack. 
The quadrangle, or main academic portion of the university, was 
built by day labor and Avas a fair piece of Avork. The cloister (PL 
XVIII, B) suffered considerably, the bases and caps of the columns 
being spalled and chipped, indicating that they must have been sub- 
jected to a rocking motion. The arches apparently opened up, for in 
