GENEEAL EAKTHQUAKE CONDITIONS AND EFFECTS. 25 
held the walls and roof together and made them move as a unit. 
The cornice was rebuilt before the view was taken. While buildings 
of brick and stone collapsed all around this one, it received practi- 
cally no damage and demonstrated that structures that will success- 
fully withstand earthquake shock can be built of concrete blocks. 
The other buildings at Santa Rosa did not present any interesting 
features, as they were mostly defective in design and workmanship 
and the material was generally poor. The city hall, the court-house 
(PI. XIV, B), the Masonic Temple, the Keegan-Brush Building, and 
the St. Rose Hotel were all completely wrecked, and added their 
testimony against poor mortar in brickwork, light wooden frames, 
and insufficient bracing. 
Towns like Berkeley and Oakland did not suffer as greatly from 
the earthquake as many neighboring towns, the reason lying in the 
fact that these towns are built on solid ground or on rock. In Berke- 
ley, while chimneys were shaken down, there was no extensive earth- 
quake damage. The Greek Theater, a massive structure of concrete, 
was uninjured. In Oakland, however, greater destruction occurred. 
Just outside of Oakland is located the Mills College for Girls. The 
science building had brick walls plastered with cement mortar, 
and Avas considerably damaged by the shaking it received and the 
falling chimneys. The building had wooden floors and was con- 
siderably racked, the walls being pushed out slightly. Within a few 
feet is the bell tower (PI. XX, B) , a reenforced-concrete structure 
80 feet high with walls 4 inches thick, which was not damaged in the 
slightest degree. 
CONDITIONS IN SAN FRANCISCO. 
GENERAL EARTHQUAKE CONDITIONS AND EFFECTS. 
Within the city of San Francisco (see the map, PL LVI) the havoc 
wrought by the earthquake depended on the character of the con- 
struction and its foundation. Bordering San Francisco Bay, from 
Telegraph Hill to Mission Creek, the land consists of mud flats, which 
have been gradually rilled in, and on this land many large com- 
mercial buildings had been erected, among others being the Union 
Ferry building, the post-office, the mint, and the custom-house. 
Adjoining this filled land was comparatively level ground composed 
of sand and clay formed by the wearing away of the hillsides and by 
the incoming sand from the seacoast — a fringe of soil on which were 
located many of the principal buildings. From Telegraph Hill 
southwestward along Russian Hill to Sutro Heights runs a ridge of 
rocky hills composed of indurated clay shale, with serpentine and 
other rocky formations on their highest summits. 
