GENEftAL EARTHQUAKE CONDITIONS AND EFFECTS. 29 
two of the rivets holding the clip support for the west girder. The 
floor of the main building consisted of groined arches of stone con- 
crete springing from concrete piers supported by cluster piles. The 
self-supporting walls of sandstone backed with brick were more or 
less shaken, and the piers of the driveways were badly cracked; the 
floors were of stone concrete reen forced with expanded metal between 
I beams and supported by cast-iron columns. The concrete in this 
building appeared to be undamaged. 
Most of the entrances to the cemeteries were wholly or partially 
wrecked, and the burial vaults and gravestones were all more or less 
disarranged. It has been estimated that perhaps 60 per cent of the 
monuments, vaults, etc., in cemeteries were overturned or moved. 
In Golden Gate Park nearly every stone or brick structure was 
damaged. The emergency hospital, a single-story brick and stone- 
veneered building, lost its gable Avails and was damaged in the same 
manner as other structures having improperly bonded walls laid in 
lime mortar, and deficient in proper ties between the masonry and the 
other structural parts. The gable walls of the restaurant in the 
children's playground were thrown down by the earthquake, but 
the greatest damage resulted in the settling of the foundation of one 
of the columns, which caused the collapse of the structure. The 
music stand, a stone-veneer brick-backed structure, was racked and 
shaken. Part of the pediment was shaken loose, and many of the 
columns were spalled and moved. Some of the walls of the museum 
were thrown down, and its contents were more or less damaged. 
All the monuments were damaged. The Francis Scott Key monu- 
ment (PI. XX, A) was racked so badly that the arch stones were 
shaken loose, the columns spalled at cap and base, and the monument 
as a whole moved on its foundations. 
The most interesting structure in Golden Gate Park is the cyclo- 
rama (PI. XXIII, A), on the top of Strawberry Hill, built about 
fifteen years ago. The top of the hill had been leveled off in order to 
form a foundation. The cyclorama consisted of circular walls of 
reenforced concrete, the aggregate of which was a hard shale crushed 
to concrete size. This material was very inferior and yielded a poor 
concrete. The reddish-brown effect was obtained by means of a 
veneer (1J to 4 inches thick) of a concrete consisting of crushed brick, 
sand, and cement. The reenforcement in the base consisted of four 
J-inch cables of thirty strands each. The reenforcement of the 
columns consisted of f-inch twisted bars and J-inch stirrups. The 
entrance, with its very heavy, massive top, should have been of hol- 
low-construction reenforced concrete. The settling of the foundation 
or fill under the vibration of the earthquake caused the structure to 
collapse. The slip (PL XXII, B) occurred principally on the north- 
east side, the movement being 4 or 5 feet. The principal crack in 
