90 THE SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE AND EIRE. 
areas — probably at least 30 per cent of the whole — they had lost their 
lower webs. There was nothing of special interest in this building 
more than has been described with other buildings. The damage 
seemed to be about as great as the average — probably more than GO 
per cent. 
CROCKER ESTATE BUILDING. 
PL XXVIII, Z?, shows the kind of damage to ornamental terra 
cotta which is typical of both earthquake and fire action. This par- 
ticular view was selected because it was possible to take it from a 
point near by so as to show the damage in detail. The Crocker 
Estate Building, a part of which is shown in the view, had cinder- 
concrete floor slabs, rolled beams and girders, and naked cast-iron 
columns. The fire was evidently not very hot in this building. The 
lower flanges of the beams and girders were covered with expanded 
metal and plaster. The webs of the beams Avere protected with cinder 
concrete built out solid from the webs to the edge of the flange. The 
rear portion of this building and a building of similar construction 
on the east had largely collapsed, apparently as a result of the action 
of the fire on the naked cast-iron columns. At this and every other 
point where exposed cast-iron columns had failed it was often noticed 
that the heads of the columns broke off and remained attached to 
girders and beams by means of the lugs and bolts. This result con- 
firms conclusions derived from certain experiments made a number 
of years ago, to the effect that the lugs, ribs, etc., at the heads of cast- 
iron columns are the source of severe shrinkage stresses, with conse- 
quent weakness in the column. 
DEWEY MONUMENT. 
The Dewey monument, in Union Square, is shown in PI. XXX, A. 
Careful examination indicates that the upper stone of the shaft has 
slipped to the left by an appreciable amount — apparently about an 
inch. The second stone has slipped about three-fourths as far, and 
the third stone from the top about one-fourth of an inch. I was 
informed that there is a steel bar running up through the center of 
the shaft. This construction, if it was used, explains why the monu- 
ment was not thrown to the ground, as it otherwise must have been. 
EMPORIUM. 
The Emporium was a large department store on the south side of 
Market street, between Fourth and Fifth streets (PL XXXII). The 
only portion of its interior structure whict remained had been carried 
by a steel frame. It is reported, however, that mill construction had 
been used for the upper stories in a portion of the building. It is also 
