BEHAVIOR OF INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURES. Ill 
As a result of my observations, I am inclined to think that a 
building of the following type would be very desirable for residential 
purposes in an earthquake country: 
The frame should be of timber, rather heavy and thoroughly 
braced, with all the vertical members continuous from bottom to top, 
or else thoroughly spliced. The horizontal members should be made 
as nearly continuous as possible — preferably by full splices. Hori- 
zontal and vertical members should also be fastened together as 
rigidly as possible, diagonal braces being used wherever conditions 
will permit. The frame should be covered on the outside with 
expanded metal and this metal plastered on both sides, a good deal 
of cement being used in the plaster. The exterior can be finished in 
stucco or pebble dash, as desired. The interior of the frame should 
be covered with expanded-metal lathing and the ordinary interior 
plaster-finish put on. The ceilings also should be finished with 
expanded metal and plaster. In my judgment, a building of this 
sort could be put up for very little more than the cost of an ordinary 
frame dwelling, and would not only come through an earthquake 
much better, but would be very much more difficult to set on fire and 
would burn much more sIoavIv after it was on fire. 
CHIMNEYS. 
Chimneys seemed to be shaken down by the earthquake every- 
where; even where there was no other damage this result was almost 
universal. The chimneys, as a rule, were built of bricks laid in lime 
mortal", and generally broke off at the point where they came through 
the roof. Reenforced-concrete chimneys with a terra-cotta lining 
would be very little more expensive than the kind that were ordi- 
narily used in San Francisco, and would have suffered very much 
less damage. If any chimney projects a considerable distance above 
the roof, it would be advisable to brace it near its upper end to the 
roof in some way, so that it would not be free to vibrate. It seems 
probable that this plan might have saved some of the chimneys that 
failed. Appearances seemed also to warrant the conclusion thai in 
the vibration some chimneys were brought up short against the roof 
framing and thus caused to break off at this point, If there had 
been a little more room for relative vibration between the chimney 
and the framing, it seems possible that some of these chimneys would 
not have fallen. The besl way to prevent such damage is to build 
the chimneys of reenforced concrete or of some other material that 
has both rigidity and great tensile strength. Such chimneys would 
not ordinarily break oil, even though they jostled against the roof 
timbers. 
