112 ■ THE SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE AND FIRE. 
BHICK SMOKESTACKS. 
There were a great many brick smokestacks in San Francisco, 
nearly all of which suffered more or less damage. For some reason 
circular stacks seemed to suffer more than square ones, but the num- 
ber of square stacks in evidence was not sufficient to justify general 
conclusions. 
The views of brick stacks speak for themselves to a great extent. 
The stack of the Valencia street power station (PL LIU, A) was of 
some interest because of its peculiar cross section — an eight-pointed 
star. At the vertices of two diametrically opposite reentrant angles 
the stack was split practically from top to bottom. The ruins of a 
ciroular stack, situated near San Jose, are shown in PI. XIII, A. 
CONDITIONS OUTSIDE OF SAN FRANCISCO. 
OAKLAND. 
I made one trip to Oakland and went through the greater part of 
the town. A good many chimneys had been shaken down and the 
front walls of a number of ordinary brick buildings had been pre- 
cipitated into the street. Several steel-frame buildings faced with 
sandstone were badly racked, and in places some of the stone had 
been shaken into the street. Some of the steel-frame buildings 
showed the same kind of damage as the Monadnock and new Chroni- 
cle buildings in San Francisco. The damage in Oakland in general 
was not different in type from that in San Francisco, but it Avas 
much less extensive, and individual cases were, as a rule, much less 
marked. 
PALO ALTO. 
I visited Palo Alto, and through the courtesy of President Jordan, 
of the Leland Stanford Junior University, was enabled to make a 
satisfactory examination of the damaged buildings at the university. 
These buildings represented in a general way three different types. 
Among them were some old buildings faced with yellow sandstone, 
which had been built in the early days by hired labor, under the 
supervision of Governor Stanford himself. All the sandstone used 
at the university was of a light yellow-buff color, rather soft, and 
apparently not very strong. In these older buildings, however, the 
cut stone had good wide beds, was carefully laid, was well bonded to 
the backing, and was solidly backed up with brickwork. These 
buildings were damaged seriously, but by no means beyond repair. 
In addition to these older buildings there were some newer ones of 
the same general design, but the sandstone facing w T as thinner and 
the beds not so well cut nor so wide. The backing was not so good. 
