CONDITIONS OUTSIDE OF SAN FRANCISCO. 113 
Much of it consisted of rubble made of very small pieces of stone, 
apparently gathered up where stonecutters had been working. 
Many of these'spalls were not larger than a man's fist, and in places 
4 or 5 square feet of the wall was entirely backed up with this mate- 
rial. The bonding of the stone facing to the backing seemed to be 
less thorough in the new buildings than in the old. In short, the 
newer buildings conformed rather to the modern commercial stand- 
ard of building construction; the old ones approached the monu- 
mental. The newer buildings suffered materially more than the old. 
They were not, however, of a type that would indicate culpable negli- 
gence or incapacity on the part of anyone connected with their design 
and erection, although they were distinctly inferior in type to the 
older buildings. The mortar used was not by any means poor. It 
seems to have been lime mortar gaged Avith cement. I tried it at a 
number of points where the buildings had suffered very severely, and 
it was distinctly better than the average mortar found in ordinary 
commercial work, although not as good as straight cement mortar 
would have been. 
The buildings of the third class at Stanford University were built 
of concrete. The girls' dormitory had concrete walls and timber 
interior construction, and in the central portion of the Leland Stan- 
ford Junior Museum, the oldest part of the building, the walls and 
interior construction were of reenforced concrete. There were two 
wings, built of brickwork, with reenforced-concrete floor construc- 
tion. It is reasonable to suppose that the intensity of the force ap- 
plied to this building by the earthquake was nearly uniform over the 
entire structure. The two brick wings were practically shaken 
down, suffering, I should judge, considerably more than 50 per cent 
damage. The reenforced-concrete central portion, viewed from the 
exterior, seemed absolutely undamaged. In the interior a few cracks 
had opened up, but they were not of serious consequence. I should 
judge that a thousand dollars would easily cover all the repairs to this 
part of the building. Its valuable contents were, to a large extent, 
thrown to the floors and smashed, involving a considerable loss; but 
the structure itself suffered almost no injury. The only damage to 
the girls' dormitory was caused by a chimney that toppled over and 
crashed down through the roof, doing some damage on the inside. 
By good luck, no one was hurt in this building. The concrete wall 
showed one or two cracks, which, however, were said to be shrinkage 
cracks that had appeared soon after the building was finished. The 
earthquake apparently had caused no visible damage of any sort in 
the exterior walls. 
It was noticed that those buildings which had completely trussed 
roofs suffered much less than those in which the walls had to take 
