114 THE SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE AND FIRE. 
the thrust of the rafters. This result was naturally to be expected, 
and indicates that in earthquake countries walls should not be sub- 
jected to the thrust of the rafters at all. The damage at the univer- 
sity also indicated clearly the necessity of thoroughly tying all the 
walls to the roof construction, gable walls as well as others. The 
university post-office building was said to be of reenforced concrete 
and undamaged. Very good illustrations of the damage at Stanford 
University can be seen in the Engineering News for May 10, 1906, 
and in the Engineering Kecord for May 12, 1906. (See also Pis. 
XIV, A; XV; XVI; XVII, B; XVIII.) A concrete-block building 
in the town of Palo Alto w T as totally demolished. 
OTHER TOWNS. 
Concrete-block buildings elsewhere were also reported as totally 
destroyed. The various structures of the Southern Pacific Railroad 
along the coast division had suffered more or less damage. One or 
two stations faced with a sandstone similar to that used at the Le- 
land Stanford Junior University, and built in the ordinary style, 
had been very seriously damaged. One station, which seemed to 
have been built a little more carefully and with larger stones than the 
rest, was in very much better condition than most of them. The city 
hall at Redwood had a central circular tower, with a dome supported 
on steel work, much as in the city hall at San Francisco (PL 
XXXI), though on a smaller scale, and suffered almost exactly the 
same kind and degree of damage. 
FORTIFICATIONS. 
I visited the old brick fort at the Presidio and also most of the 
batteries along the face of the cliff. There were a few cracks in the 
old brick fort, but nothing to indicate that they might not have 
been due to settling as well as to earthquake. An inspection of the 
new emplacements from the exterior showed no visible signs of 
damage whatever. As reports on these matters are made by officers 
especially in charge of the work, I did not attempt to make a detailed 
inspection of the fortifications. 
RESERVOIRS, PIPE LINES, AND OTHER STRUCTURES ALONG THE FAULT LINE. 
The following details were derived from a perusal of the report by 
Professors Marx and Wing, already mentioned (p. 63). 
The Spring Valley Water Company had among its reservoirs two 
known as Crystal Springs Lake and San Andreas Lake. The line 
of the fault that caused the earthquake is said to run directly through 
both of these reservoirs. Crystal Springs Lake has a large and high 
concrete dam; it is also subdivided bv an old earth dam that was 
