EARTHQUAKE AND FIRE PROTECTION. 157 
or even ruined by the earthquake, owing- to imperfect anchorage and 
failure to cohere at their joints (PL XVII, A). 
Granite,- sandstone, and marble were badly cracked and spalled by 
the fire, much of the marble crumbling to powder. The granite piers 
in the front of the Hobart Building were nearly all chipped away, 
and they are now reenforced by new temporary supports. 
Chemical fire extinguishers were effectively used immediately after 
the earthquake in some of the uptown residences, thereby preventing 
an increase in the number of fire centers at the beginning of the 
conflagration. It is possible that numerous chemical engines and 
locally installed chemical extinguishing plants in the downtown dis- 
tricts might have greatly limited the spread of the flames, despite 
the dearth of water. 
FIKAL COKCIyUSIO^S. 
EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION. 
A proper foundation, stable and firm, is of vital importance, 
and particularly on soft, marshy, or made ground (Pis. XLIII, B ; 
XLIV, A). Anchoring, bonding, and tying should be practiced 
with exactness in all masonry. Steel framing should be made heavier 
rather than lighter, and joints, connections, bracing, and flooring- 
should be strongly united. Girders and columns should be made 
very stiff and, where practicable, continuous. 
FIRE PROTECTION. 
The lessons taught by the great fires of Boston, Chicago, and Bal- 
timore have been verified by San Francisco's experience. 
Fireproofing should be of the most perfect type, and no reasonable 
expense should be spared in its installation. 
Roofs, roof appurtenances, and skylights should be given ample 
protection against fires from without. A great excess of fire hose 
and apparatus, beyond ordinary needs, should be available. A strong 
bond for fireproof tiling, etc., for both girder and column protec- 
tion, is essential. Protection for front windows, as well as for side 
and rear ones, is of vital importance, (rood protection for steel 
frames and steel roof trusses in attics or other exposed or unusual 
places should be provided. Liberal use should be made of fire retard- 
ant in windows, doors, transoms, etc. Wise and liberal use of con- 
crete and reenforced concrete for girder and column fireproofing has 
proved its saving quality. Interior fire protection and prevention by 
wells, pumps, sprinklers, and water tanks vastly lessen fire risk. 
