INDEX. 
169 
Page. 
Sewers, recommendations regarding- 118 
Shafts, air, danger from 155 
view of PI. XLIX 
Shreve Building, damage to 46,104 
Shutters, importance of_ 122-124, 154-155 
use of, in San Francisco 123-124 
Sloane Building, damage to 47. 104 
view of PI. XLIX 
Slow-burning construction. See Mill 
construction. 
Smokestacks, damage to 112 
views of Pis. XIII, LIII 
Soil. See Earth; Made ground; 
Settling. 
Soule, Frank, experience of xi 
photographs by Pis. IX, 
XII, XXXI, LIII, LIV 
report by, on the earthquake 
and fire and their ef- 
fect on structural steel 
and steel-frame build- 
ings 131-158 
Southern Pacific Railroad, damage 
to 20,114 
damage to. view showing PI. XI 
Spreckels (Claus) Building. Sec 
Call Building. 
Sprocket's sugar mill, damage 
to 1 21 
damage to, view showing PI. XII 
Spring Valley Water Co., building 
of, damage to 47. 
78, 104-105 
building of, damage to, views 
of Pis. XLV. L 
vault in 70 
conduits and mains of, damage 
to 62-63, 115-116 
damage to, views show- 
ing Pis. IX, X, XI 
dams of. damage to 62, 114-115 
Stairways, behavior of 105 
Stanford University. See Leland 
Stanford Junior Uni- 
versity. 
Steel, structural, reliability of ___ 145-116 
Steel bands, effect of fire on 31-32 
effect of fire on, view show 
ing PI. XXIX 
Steel buildings, effect of earthquake 
on 57-58, To 7i5. 
130. 136, 1 12. 111. 151-152 
effect of earthquake on. views 
showing___ Pis. XV. XXXIII 
effects of fire on passim 30 t'». 
7C 11_. 146 1 17 
view showing PI. LI 
fireproofing of. See Fi reproof- 
ing. 
joints in, damage at 75-76 
Stone buildings, effect of earthquake 
on 22 24, 
57. 58, 7 1. 75, 85, 112-113 
effect of earthquake on, view 
showing PI. XII 
Page. 
Stone-veneer buildings, damage to __ 22 24, 
58, 11::. 145 
Stonework, effect of earthquake on 53, 
7 1. 75, 145 
effect of earthquake on. views 
showing- Pis. XXXIII. XLIV 
effect of fire on. views show- 
in---- Pis. XXXVII-XXXIX 
essentials in 59 
Stow Lake, bridge over, immunity 
of 30 
Structural materials, behavior of 51-55, 
71-76 
See also particular materials. 
Structures, artificial, classes of, rela- 
tive damage to 57-58, 
74-75, 150 152 
cracks in 26. 74, 75 
defects prevailing in 60 
comparative endurance of, view 
showing PI. XIII 
essentials of, for resisting earth- 
quake and fire 15, 
56-59, 116-118, 124-126. 157 
failures of, causes of 58, 150-152 
fire risk of 153 154 
protection of, against fire 51-56, 
llii 124, 126-129. 157 
against outside fires 51 55 
surviving, descriptions of 31-48 
susceptibility of, to earthquake- 12, 
15, 75 
water supply for 54-55. 122. 128 
See also Concrete : Stone ; Tall 
buildings, etc. 
Structures, artificial, in San Fran 
Cisco, effect of earth- 
quake and fire on 25 18, 
60-112 
See also particular structures. 
Structures, artificial, outside San 
Francisco. effect of 
earthquake on 17 25, 
63, 112-116 
See also particular places. 
Subtreasury, United States, damage 
lo 17 
Surface material, movements of 7-9 
Synagogue Emanuel, damage to 26 
view of PI. XXI 
'fall buildings, properly built, safety 
of 58, 7:,. L29, 152 
recommendations on 121 L25 
Tanks, survival of. view showing i'!. XIII 
wrecking of 21. 1 Id 
Tectonic earthquakes, character of— 15 16 
Temperatures, range of 51,68 69 
Terra cot la. ornamental, failure of, 
view showing PI. XXVIII 
See also Tiles, terracotta. 
Thiele Building, destruction of 24 
ruins of, view of PI. XIX 
