54  PRE-CAMBRIAN   GEOLOGY   OP    NORTH   AMERICA. 
other  geologists.  In  Bavaria  and  Bohemia  the  Archean  may  be 
represented  by  the  lower  series  of  gneiss  and  granite  of  that  region, 
while  the  Algonkian  may  be  represented  by  an  upper  series  con- 
sisting of  gneisses,  schists,  and  limestones,  grading  up  into  clay 
slates  and  schist.  The  Algonkian  is  probably  represented  also  by  the 
metamorphosed  sediments  assigned  to  the  pre-Cambrian  in  Germany 
and  Spain.  Presumably  some  of  the  gneisses,  schists,  and  granites 
might  be  correlated  with  the  Archean,  but  we  are  unable  to  state  to 
what  extent  the  present  information  warrants  such  correlation. 
SOUTH  AFRICA. 
In  South  Africa  the  pre-Cambrian  has  not  been  subdivided.  It  is 
represented,  according  to  Hatch  and  Corstorphine,  by  the  Malmes- 
bury  series  of  micaceous  slates  and  quartzites  in  southern  Cape 
Colony,  and  by  the  Swaziland  series  of  slate,  qnartzite,  conglomer- 
ates, and  schists  of  northern  South  Africa.  All  of  these  are  asso- 
ciated with  granites  ana  gneisses,  in  part  intrusive. 
INDIA. 
In  India  there  are  two  series  underlying  the  oldest  Paleozoic 
formations.  The  oldest  or  Bunklekund  gneiss  is  unconformably 
covered  by  metamorphic  series.  In  the  western  Himalayas  also 
there  are  two  series,  a  lower  gneiss  and  an  upper  gneiss,  said  to  be 
formed  by  the  metamorphism  of  the  older  Paleozoics,  into  which 
they  pass. 
AUSTRALASIA. 
In  New  Zealand  crystalline  schists  occupy  large  areas,  but  it  is 
not  known  what  part  are  pre-Cambrian.  In  Australia  pre-Cambrian 
rocks  are  believed  to  cover  an  area  of  perhaps  20,000  square  miles, 
but  have  not  been  subdivided.  In  Tasmania  rocks  of  probable  pre- 
Cambrian  age  occupy  a  large  area  on  the  west  side  of  the  island. 
They  include  both  igneous  and  sedimentary  rocks  and  their  meta- 
morphosed equivalents. 
CHINA. 
Through  the  researches  of  Baron  von  Richthofen  the  existence  of 
pre-Cambrian  rocks  in  China  has  long  been  known,  and  he  pointed 
out  that  the  Archean  and  certain  later  pre-Cambrian  sedimentary 
series  were  extensively  represented.  The  work  of  Willis  and  Black- 
welder  has  confirmed  Von  RichthofeiTs  observations  and  gives  more 
definite  information  regarding  the  character  and  sequence  of  the 
rocks. 
