NEW  ENGLAND.  565 
there  are  enormous  veins  craw  lino-  round  in  all  conceivable  directions 
in  former  crevices  among  the  schists.  This  syenite  is  full  of  nodules 
of  hornblendic  masses,  which  look  in  some  cases  much  like  pebbles. 
They  are  probably  concretionary,  and  are  all  allied  to  the  concretions 
of  black  mica  in  granite  at  Craftsbury  and  elsewhere. 
Hall  (S.  R.),28  in  1861,  gives  many  details  as  to  the  geology  of 
northern  Vermont.  The  granites  are  here  particularly  abundant. 
The  occurrences  are  such  as  to  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  they  are 
eruptive  and  that  in  their  eruptions  fragments  have  been  caught  from 
the  strata  cut.  As  evidence  that  the  granite  has  been  thrown  up 
since  the  mica  schists  were  formed  is  cited  the  fact  that  the  slates 
on  the  borders  of  the  granite  furnish  unmistakable  signs  of  con- 
tortion and  in  some  instances  of  change  both  in  the  direction  of  the 
strata  and  in  their  dip.  In  more  than  one  instance  granite  is  found 
overlying  the  calcareous  mica  slates,  and  in  one  instance,  at  Derb}^, 
encrinite  limestone  occurs  below  granite.  In  many  places  jointed 
granite  is  found  between  the  strata  of  slates,  conformable  to  them, 
and  in  other  instances  in  dike  form,  crossing  the  strata  at  a  large 
angle.  Fragments  of  the  older  slates  are,  in  many  places,  found  em- 
bedded in  masses  of  granite  and  retain  the  characteristics  of  the 
slates,  without  any  essential  change.  Nodular  granite,  containing 
masses  embedded  like  plums  in  a  pudding,  run  from  Memphremagog 
Lake  through  Derby,  Brownington,  Irasburg,  Craftsbury,  and  Calais. 
Hitchcock  (C.  H.),29  in  1868,  gives  the  following  succession  for 
the  rocks  of  Vermont :  Unstratified  rocks,  including  granites,  syenite 
protogene,  with  the  traps  and  porphyries;  Eozoic  system,  including 
Laurentian  gneiss  of  West  Haven  and  the  Green  Mountain  gneiss; 
Paleozoic  system,  in  which  are  placed  the  Georgia  slates,  the  talcose 
conglomerate  and  schists,  the  mica  schists,  and  other  formations. 
Hunt,30  in  18G8,  states  that  there  is  no  evidence  of  the  existence  in 
Vermont  of  any  strata,  except  a  small  spur  of  Laurentian,  lower  than 
the  Potsdam  formation.  The  so-called  middle  and  lower  Taconic  is 
in  part  Potsdam  and  in  part  Utica,  Hudson  Eiver,  and  Quebec. 
McCormick,31  in  1887,  describes  the  inclusions  in  the  granite  of 
Craftsbury.  The  inclusions  are  spheroidal  or  elongated  nodules  of 
biotite  1  \  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  and  sometimes  4  inches  long, 
cemented  with  quartz,  which  by  Hitchcock  were  compared  t<>  butter- 
nuts. The  line  of  contact  between  the  inclusion  and  the  rock  is 
usually  rather  distinct,  it  being  possible  to  extract  the  former,  leav- 
ing a  lining  of  biotite.  It  is  concluded  that  these  nodules  indicate 
the  igneous  origin  of  the  granite  because  they  could  not  have  been 
formed  from  aqueous  solution  or  by  metamorphic  action. 
Whittle,32  in  L89 1.  describes  the  main  axis  of  the  ( J-reen  Mountains 
as  a  series  of  sharp,  compressed  fold-  striking  approximately  north- 
south  and  overturned  to  the  west  in  most  localities,  so  that   induced 
